Reframing Water Response in Glass Ionomer Cement: Gravimetric Effects of Yttrium Oxide Nanoparticle Substitution
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5195/d3000.2026.1639Klíčová slova:
glass ionomer cement, luting cement, yttrium oxide, nanoparticles, gravimetric analysis, water exposureAbstrakt
The objective of this work was to evaluate water-related mass changes in a conventional glass ionomer luting cement following partial substitution of its powder with yttrium oxide nanoparticles (Y₂O₃). Forty discs (10 mm diameter; 2.5 mm thickness) were prepared using 0, 1, 3, or 5 wt% Y₂O₃ powder substitution (n = 10 per formulation). The same specimens underwent 24-hour water immersion, 24-hour drying, and seven additional days of re-immersion. Initial, wet, and post-drying masses defined net wet mass change and apparent mass loss as percentages. Overall formulation effects were evaluated by one-way ANOVA and Welch sensitivity analyses reconstructed from group summaries. Net wet mass change ranged from 0.338% to 0.716% at the first assessment and from 1.036% to 1.614% at the second. Y5 had the lowest mean apparent mass loss: 3.090 ± 0.165% and 3.422 ± 0.449%, compared with 5.556 ± 1.023% and 6.609 ± 1.122% in the control. These represented descriptive reductions of 44.4% and 48.2%. Conventional ANOVA indicated overall formulation differences for net wet mass change (p = 0.0057 and 0.0108) and apparent mass loss (both p < 0.001). Welch analyses also indicated overall differences at both assessments. The 5 wt% formulation had the lowest mean apparent mass loss while exhibiting higher mean net wet mass change than the control. The results describe short-term gravimetric behavior and do not establish improved mechanical performance or clinical durability.
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