Effect of Potassium Iodide and Glutathione on Color Change and Remineralization Potential Induced by Silver Diamine Fluoride Application
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5195/d3000.2024.402Keywords:
Silver diamine fluoride, Remineralization, Discoloration, Potassium iodide, GlutathioneAbstract
Purpose: To evaluate the effect of applying potassium-iodide (KI) and glutathione (GSH) on silver-diamine fluoride (SDF) induced tooth discoloration as well as their effect on its remineralization potential.
Methods: To examine color change, cervical dentinal demineralized cavities were performed mesially and distally in 16 human premolars. Glass-ionomer restoration (GIC) was applied and allocated to four groups I-IV according to the following pre-treatments: No pre-treatment, SDF, SDF+KI, SDF+20%(wt) GSH. Spectrophotometric evaluation of samples at time intervals: 1,7 and 14 days of GIC application. To examine the effect of remineralization, 21 bovine dentin blocks were divided into groups I-III: SDF, SDF + KI, and SDF + GSH. Vickers microhardness was measured, before and after demineralization and after 7 days of treatment.
Results: Spectrophotometric results after 14 days for groups I-IV were:1.29±0.18, 12.24±0.19, 2.19±0.32 and 4.76±0.19 respectively. Groups III and IV showed significant reduction in ΔE compared with group II, although they showed significant increase in ΔE compared with group I (p<0.001). KI showed better management of color changes than GSH. The microhardness test results after treatment application to demineralized dentin for Groups I-III were: 30.81±20.87, 30.59±16.42, 24.69±13.21, respectively. All groups showed significantly increased microhardness of demineralized dentin (P ≤ 0.05), which was comparable to that of Group I.
Conclusion: Application of KI and GSH after SDF significantly minimized color changes without affecting the remineralizing effect of SDF.
References
Kassebaum NJ, Smith AGC, Bernabé E, Fleming TD, Reynolds AE, Vos T, et al. Global, Regional, and National Prevalence, Incidence, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for Oral Conditions for 195 Countries, 1990-2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors. J Dent Res. 2017 Apr;96(4):380-387. doi: 10.1177/0022034517693566. PMID: 28792274; PMCID: PMC5912207.
Martins MT, Sardenberg F, Bendo CB, Abreu MH, Vale MP, Paiva SM, et al. Dental caries remains as the main oral condition with the greatest impact on children’s quality of life. PLoS One. 2017 Oct 5;12(10):e0185365. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185365. PMID: 28981545; PMCID: PMC5628830.
Castillo Dutra Borges Juliane de Souza Borges Larissa Sgarbosa Napoleao de Araujo Claudia Tavares Machado B, Jose Souza dos Santos A, Vieira de Assunçao Pinheiro I. Update on Nonsurgical, Ultraconservative Approaches to Treat Effectively Non-Cavitated Caries Lesions in Permanent Teeth. Eur J Dent. 2011 Apr;5(2):229-36. PMID: 21494394; PMCID: PMC3075999.
Ricketts D, Lamont T, Innes NP, Kidd E, Clarkson JE. Operative caries management in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Mar 28;(3):CD003808. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003808.pub3. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jul 24;7:CD003808. PMID: 23543523.
Leal S, Raggio D, Bonifacio C, Frencken J. Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: Restorative Component. Monogr Oral Sci. 2018;27:92-102. doi: 10.1159/000487836. Epub 2018 May 24. PMID: 29794453.
Frencken JE, Leal SC, Navarro MF. Twenty-five-year atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) approach: a comprehensive overview. Clin Oral Investig. 2012 Oct;16(5):1337-46. doi: 10.1007/s00784-012-0783-4. Epub 2012 Jul 24. PMID: 22824915; PMCID: PMC3443346.
Ballikaya E, Ünverdi GE, Cehreli ZC. Management of initial carious lesions of hypomineralized molars (MIH) with silver diamine fluoride or silver-modified atraumatic restorative treatment (SMART): 1-year results of a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2022 Feb;26(2):2197-2205. doi: 10.1007/s00784-021-04236-5. Epub 2021 Nov 6. PMID: 34743243; PMCID: PMC8572062.
Modasia R, Modasia D. Application of silver diamine fluoride as part of the Atraumatic Restorative Technique. BDJ Student. 2021;28(2):42-43. doi:10.1038/s41406-021-0199-1
Elias dos Santos Jr V, Vasconcelos Filho A, Gadelha Ribeiro Targino A, Angel Pelagio Flores M, Galembeck A, França Caldas Jr A, et al. A New “‘Silver-Bullet’” to treat caries in children-Nano Silver Fluoride: A randomised clinical trial. [cited 2021 Dec 19]; Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2014.05.017
Contreras V, Toro MJ, Eliás-Boneta AR, Encarnación-Burgos A. Effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride in caries prevention and arrest: A systematic literature review. Gen Dent. 2017 May-Jun;65(3):22-29. PMID: 28475081; PMCID: PMC5535266.
Yu OY, Lam WYH, Wong AWY, Duangthip D, Chu CH. Nonrestorative management of dental caries. Dent. J. 2021 Oct 18;9(10):121. doi: 10.3390/dj9100121. PMID: 34677183; PMCID: PMC8534976.
Chu CH, Lo ECM, Lin HC. Effectiveness of Silver Diamine Fluoride and Sodium Fluoride Varnish in Arresting Dentin Caries in Chinese Pre-school Children. J Dent Res [Internet]. 2002;81:767–70. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0810767
Johhnson B, Serban N, Griffin PM, Tomar SL. Projecting the economic impact of silver diamine fluoride on caries treatment expenditures and outcomes in young U.S. children. J Public Health Dent. 2019 Sep;79(3):215-221. doi: 10.1111/jphd.12312. Epub 2019 Feb 11. PMID: 30741498.
Trieu A, Mohamed A, Lynch & E. Silver diamine fluoride versus sodium fluoride for arresting dentine caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis OPEN. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38569-9
Rosenblatt A, Stamford TCM, Niederman R. Silver diamine fluoride: A caries “silver-fluoride bullet.” J Dent Res. 2009 Feb;88(2):116-25. doi: 10.1177/0022034508329406. PMID: 19278981
Mei ML, Ito L, Cao Y, Li QL, Lo ECMM, Chu CH. Inhibitory effect of silver diamine fluoride on dentine demineralisation and collagen degradation. J Dent. 2013 Sep;41(9):809-17. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2013.06.009. Epub 2013 Jun 27. PMID: 23810851.
Mei ML, Ito L, Cao Y, Lo ECM, Li QL, Chu CH. An ex vivo study of arrested primary teeth caries with silver diamine fluoride therapy. J Dent [Internet]. 2014/01/01. Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; College of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. College of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. Ele; 2014;42:395–402. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2013.12.007
Duangthip D, Fung MHT, Wong MCM, Chu CH, Lo ECM. Adverse Effects of Silver Diamine Fluoride Treatment among Preschool Children. J Dent Res. 2018 Apr;97(4):395-401. doi: 10.1177/0022034517746678. Epub 2017 Dec 13. PMID: 29237131.
Kyoon-Achan G, Schroth RJ, DeMaré D, Sturym M, Edwards J, Lavoie JG, et al. Indigenous community members’ views on silver diamine fluoride to manage early childhood caries. J Public Health Dent. 2020 Sep;80(3):208-216. doi: 10.1111/jphd.12370. Epub 2020 May 13. PMID: 32400029.
Hamdy D, Giraki M, Abd Elaziz A, Badran A, Allam G, Ruettermann S. Laboratory evaluation of the potential maskin BMC Oral Health. 2021 Jul 9;21(1):337. doi: 10.1186/s12903-021-01697-8. PMID: 34243727; PMCID: PMC8268618.
Patel J, Anthonappa RP, King NM. Evaluation of the staining potential of silver diamine fluoride: in vitro. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2018 Jul 4. doi: 10.1111/ipd.12401. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 29974546.
Hamama HH, Yiu CK, Burrow MF. Effect of silver diamine fluoride and potassium iodide on residual bacteria in dentinal tubules. Aust Dent J. 2015 Mar;60(1):80-7. doi: 10.1111/adj.12276. PMID: 25721282.
Abdullah N, Al Marzooq F, Mohamad SI, Abd Rahman N, Gopalakrishnan Aghila Rani K, Chi Ngo H, et al. The antibacterial efficacy of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is not modulated by potassium iodide (KI) supplements: A study on in-situ plaque biofilms using viability real-time PCR with propidium monoazide. PLoS One. 2020 Nov 3;15(11):e0241519. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241519. PMID: 33141868; PMCID: PMC7608867.
Sorkhdini P, Gregory RL, Crystal YO, Tang Q, Lippert F. Effectiveness of in vitro primary coronal caries prevention with silver diamine fluoride - Chemical vs biofilm models. J Dent. 2020 Aug;99:103418. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103418. Epub 2020 Jun 25. PMID: 32593705.
Sayed M, Matsui N, Hiraishi N, Nikaido T, Burrow MF, Tagami J. Effect of glutathione bio-molecule on tooth discoloration associated with silver diammine fluoride. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Apr 29;19(5):1322. doi: 10.3390/ijms19051322. PMID: 29710829; PMCID: PMC5983840.
Cohn C. Silver modified atraumatic restorative technique: For pediatric patients. Dent Today. 2019;38.
Bridge G, Martel A-SS, Lomazzi M. Concise Review Silver Diamine Fluoride: Transforming Community Dental Caries Program. Int Dent J. 2021 Dec;71(6):458-461. doi: 10.1016/j.identj.2020.12.017. Epub 2021 Feb 27. PMID: 33653594; PMCID: PMC9275183.
Peng JJYY, Botelho MG, Matinlinna JP. Silver compounds used in dentistry for caries management: A review. J Dent. 2012 Jul;40(7):531-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2012.03.009. Epub 2012 Apr 3. PMID: 22484380.
Garg S, Sadr A, Chan DCN. Potassium Iodide Reversal of Silver Diamine Fluoride Staining: A Case Report. Oper Dent. 2019 May/Jun;44(3):221-226. doi: 10.2341/17-266-S. Epub 2018 Dec 5. PMID: 31046649.
Mei ML, Nudelman F, Marzec B, Walker JM, Lo ECM, Walls AW, et al. Formation of Fluorohydroxyapatite with Silver Diamine Fluoride. J Dent Res. 2017 Sep;96(10):1122-1128. doi: 10.1177/0022034517709738. Epub 2017 May 18. PMID: 28521107; PMCID: PMC5582683.
Lou YL, Botelho MG, Darvell BW. Reaction of silver diamine fluoride with hydroxyapatite and protein. J Dent. 2011 Sep;39(9):612-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2011.06.008. Epub 2011 Jul 1. Erratum in: J Dent. 2012 Jan;40(1):91-3. PMID: 21745530.
Miller MB, Lopez LA, Quock RL. Silver diamine fluoride, potassium iodide, and esthetic perception: An in vitro pilot study. Am J Dent. 2016 Oct;29(5):248-250. PMID: 29178735.
Zhao IS, Mei ML, Burrow MF, Lo EC-M, Chu C-HH. Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride and Potassium Iodide Treatment on Secondary Caries Prevention and Tooth Discolouration in Cervical Glass Ionomer Cement Restoration. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Feb 6;18(2):340. doi: 10.3390/ijms18020340. PMID: 28178188; PMCID: PMC5343875.
Roberts A, Bradley J, Merkley S, Pachal T, Gopal J V, Sharma D. Does potassium iodide application following silver diamine fluoride reduce staining of tooth? A systematic review. Aust Dent J. 2020 Jun;65(2):109-117. doi: 10.1111/adj.12743. Epub 2020 Feb 10. PMID: 31900927.
Nguyen V, Neill C, Felsenfeld Dds J, Primus Phd C. Potassium Iodide. The Solution to Silver Diamine Fluoride Discoloration? Res Artic Adv Dent Oral Heal 2017;5:1–6. DOI:10.19080/ADOH.2017.05.555655
Sidhu SK, Nicholson JW. A Review of Glass-Ionomer Cements for Clinical Dentistry. J Funct Biomater. 2016;7(3):16. Published 2016 Jun 28. doi:10.3390/jfb7030016
Lath DL, Smith RN, Guan YH, Karmo M, Brook AH. Measurement of stain on extracted teeth using spectrophotometry and digital image analysis. Int J Dent Hyg. 2007 Aug;5(3):174-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2007.00253.x. PMID: 17615027.
Patel J, Anthonappa RP. Evaluation of the staining potential of silver diamine fluoride: in vitro. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2018 Jul 4. doi: 10.1111/ipd.12401. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 29974546.
Taglietti A, A. Diaz Fernandez Y, Amato E, Cucca L, Dacarro G, Grisoli P, et al. Antibacterial Activity of Glutathione-Coated Silver Nanoparticles against Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria. Langmuir. 2012 May 29;28(21):8140-8. doi: 10.1021/la3003838. Epub 2012 May 15. PMID: 22546237.
Hotwani K, Thosar N, Baliga S. Comparative in vitro assessment of color stability of hybrid esthetic restorative materials against various children′s beverages. J Conserv Dent. 2014 Jan;17(1):70-4. doi: 10.4103/0972-0707.124154. PMID: 24554866; PMCID: PMC3915391.
Fonseca RB, Haiter-Neto F, Carlo HL, Soares CJ, Sinhoreti MAC, Puppin-Rontani RM, et al. Radiodensity and hardness of enamel and dentin of human and bovine teeth, varying bovine teeth age. Arch Oral Biol. 2008 Nov;53(11):1023-9. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.06.012. PMID: 18675389.
Ghisi AC, Kopper PMP, Baldasso FER, Stürmer CP, Rossi-Fedele G, Steier L, et al. Effect of superoxidized water and sodium hypochlorite, associated or not with EDTA, on organic and inorganic components of bovine root dentin. J Endod. 2015 Jun;41(6):925-30. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.01.039. Epub 2015 Mar 17. PMID: 25791074.
Banerjee A, Frencken JE, Schwendicke F, Innes NPT. Contemporary operative caries management: Consensus recommendations on minimally invasive caries removal. Br Dent J. 2017 Aug 11;223(3):215-222. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.672. PMID: 28798430.
Cai J, Burrow MF, Manton DJ, Tsuda Y, Sobh EG, Palamara JEAA. Effects of silver diamine fluoride/potassium iodide on artificial root caries lesions with adjunctive application of proanthocyanidin. Acta Biomater. 2019 Apr 1;88:491-502. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.02.020. Epub 2019 Feb 15. PMID: 30776507.
White DJ, Faller R V., Bowman WD. Demineralization and remineralization evaluation techniques--added considerations. J Dent Res. 1992 Apr;71 Spec No:929-33. doi: 10.1177/002203459207100S28. PMID: 1592989.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Salma Mohammed ElSabaa, Ahmed El Banna El Banna, Dina Ahmed El Refai
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
- Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
- The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
- Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
- Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
- The Author represents and warrants that:
- the Work is the Author’s original work;
- the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- the Work has not previously been published;
- the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
- The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.
Revised 7/16/2018. Revision Description: Removed outdated link.
