Orthodontic Management Approaches of Class II Malocclusions

Authors

  • Anas Qahtan Hamdi University of Tikrit /Collage of dentistry

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5195/d3000.2026.1578

Keywords:

Class II malocclusion

Abstract

Class II malocclusion represents an important concern in orthodontic practice, accounting for approximately 25–33% of malocclusions encountered in orthodontic treatment. The aim of this work was revisiting and summarizing treatment modalities for class II malocclusion.

References

1. Bishara SE. Class II malocclusions: diagnostic and clinical considerations with and without treatment. Semin Orthod. 2006;12(1):11-24. doi:10.1053/j.sodo.2005.10.005.

2. Bishara SE. Mandibular changes in persons with untreated and treated Class II Division 1 malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;113(6):661-673.

3. Sassouni V. The Class II syndrome: differential diagnosis and treatment. Angle Orthod. 1970;40(4):334-341.

4. Frölich FJ. Changes in untreated Class II type malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 1962;32:167-179.

5. Gilmore WA. Morphology of the adult mandible in Class II, Division 1 malocclusion and in excellent occlusion. Angle Orthod. 1950;20(3):137-146.

6. Brodie AG. Muscular factors in diagnosis and treatment of malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 1953;23:71-77.

7. Williams AC, Stephens CD. A modification to the incisor classification of malocclusion. Br J Orthod. 1992;19(2):127-130.

8. Alkofide EA. Class II division 1 malocclusions: the subdivision problem. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2001;26(1):37-40. doi:10.17796/jcpd.26.1.u7mn37602705740x.

9. Rothstein T. Facial morphology and growth from 10 to 14 years of age in children presenting Class II, Division 1 malocclusion: a comparative roentgenographic cephalometric study. Am J Orthod. 1971;60(6):619-629.

10. Rosenblum RE. Class II malocclusion: mandibular retrusion or maxillary protrusion? Angle Orthod. 1995;65(1):49-62.

11. Pancherz H, Zieber K, Hoyer B. Cephalometric characteristics of Class II division 1 malocclusions in children and adolescents. Angle Orthod. 1997;67(5):359-370.

12. Karlsen AT. Craniofacial characteristics of children with Angle Class II div. 1 malocclusion with and without deepbite. Angle Orthod. 1994;64(5):437-446.

13. Cozza P, Baccetti T, Franchi L, De Toffol L, McNamara JA Jr. Mandibular changes produced by functional appliances in Class II malocclusion: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;129(5):599.e1-599.e12. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.11.010.

14. Buschang PH. The development, phenotypic characteristics, and etiology of Class II malocclusion. In: Recognizing and Correcting Developing Malocclusions: A Problem-Oriented Approach to Orthodontics. Hoboken: Wiley; 2015. doi:10.1002/9781118925263.ch06a.

15. Sanders DA, Rigali PH, Neace WP, Symons AL, Hechter FP. Skeletal and dental asymmetries in Class II subdivision malocclusions using cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;138(5):542.e1-542.e20.

16. Minich CM, Araújo EA, Behrents RG, et al. Evaluation of skeletal and dental asymmetries in Angle Class II subdivision malocclusions with cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;144(1):68-75.

17. McNamara JA Jr. Components of Class II malocclusion in children 8-10 years of age. Angle Orthod. 1981;51(3):177-202.

18. Rosenblum RE. Class II malocclusion: mandibular retrusion or maxillary protrusion. Angle Orthod. 1995;65(1):49-62.

19. Al-Khateeb S, Abu Alhaija ESJ. Tooth size discrepancies and arch parameters among different malocclusions in a Jordanian sample. Angle Orthod. 2006;76(3):459-465.

20. Al-Emran S, Wisth PJ, Boe OE. Prevalence of malocclusion and need for orthodontic treatment in Saudi Arabia. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1990;18(5):253-255.

21. Albarakati SF, Taher S, Alkhadra T. Prevalence of malocclusion among male school children in Riyadh City. J Orthod Sci. 2018;7:2.

22. Mohammed H, Čirgić E, Rizk MZ, Vandevska-Radunovic V. Effectiveness of prefabricated myofunctional appliances in the treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusion: a systematic review. Eur J Orthod. 2020;42(2):125-134.

23. Koretsi V, Zymperdikas VF, Papageorgiou SN, Papadopoulos MA. Treatment effects of removable functional appliances in patients with Class II malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2015;37(4):418-434.

Downloads

Published

2026-09-22

Issue

Section

Adults & the Elderly