Impacted Permanent Mandibular Canines: A Radiographic Study Using Orthopantomograms

Authors

  • Mohammad Hussein AlRifaie
  • Ameera Kamal Khaleel
  • Ali Sultan AlRifai Department of Dentistry, Al-Hussain University College,
  • Dijwar Salih Ibrahim

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5195/d3000.2026.1545

Keywords:

Mandible, Panoramic X-Ray, Prevalence, Dental Impaction

Abstract

Impacted permanent mandibular canines can result in many complications and their early diagnosis is important. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of impacted permanent mandibular canines in Karbala City/ Iraqi population. In this retrospective study, a total of 2840 orthopantomographs (OPG) were included in the research. The OPGs were taken routinely as a pre-treatment diagnostic purposes in the patients attending different dental clinics in Karbala.  The prevalence, gender, type of impaction, side, angulation, depth, and the associated dental anomalies and pathologies were recorded. A total of 38 impacted permanent mandibular canines were found in 29 of the 2840 OPGs with 1.02% prevalence, with 12 being in males (41.38%) and 17 in females (58.62%). Impacted permanent mandibular canines were bilateral in only nine OPGs (31.03%), 55.26% were located on the right side, the vertical was the most dominant angulation (47.36%), and 50% were classified as Level A. Regarding the dental anomalies, 34.21% of impacted permanent mandibular canines were seen associated with impacted upper permanent canine, and 28.95% were associated with retention of lower deciduous canines, 10.53% for transposition, 10.53% for retention of deciduous molars, 7.89% for dilaceration, and 7.89% for transmigration. External root resorption of adjacent tooth found in 17.24%, followed by periodontal disease (13.79%), dental caries of the adjacent tooth (10.34%), dental tumor (6.89%), and the least was dentigerous cyst (3.45%). Impacted permanent mandibular canines prevalence was 1.02%. Early detection through radiographic evaluation is important for optimal management.

Downloads

Published

2026-09-10

Issue

Vol. 14 No. 2 (2026)

Section

Development of Craniofacial Structures

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Hussein AlRifaie, Ameera Kamal Khaleel, Ali Sultan AlRifai, Dijwar Salih Ibrahim

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
  2. Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
  3. The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
    1. Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
    with the understanding that the above condition can be waived with permission from the Author and that where the Work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license.
  4. The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
  5. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
  6. Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
  7. The Author represents and warrants that:
    1. the Work is the Author’s original work;
    2. the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
    3. the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
    4. the Work has not previously been published;
    5. the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
    6. the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
  8. The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.

Revised 7/16/2018. Revision Description: Removed outdated link.