Association Studies between Dental Caries among Smokers and Cytogenetic Changes

Authors

  • Umelbaneen J. Alalawy B.D.S , MSC Preventive Dentistry, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of dentistry, University of Kut, Wasit ,52001, Iraq
  • Huda A. Yaseen B.D.S , MSC Preventive Dentistry, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of dentistry, University of Kut, Wasit ,52001, Iraq
  • Zainab K.H. Abbas .D.S , MSC Oral Medicine , Department of Oral Diagnosis ,College of dentistry, University of Kut, Wasit ,52001, Iraq
  • Muqdham Mohammed Hummadi M.B.Ch.B.,C.A.B.Ms-GS, Department of Anesthesia Techniques, College of Health and Medical Techniques, University of Kut, Wasit,52001, Iraq
  • Waleed Shallal B.D.S, MSC,PhD Orthodontics, Department of Orthodontics ,College of dentistry, University of Kut, Wasit ,52001, Iraq
  • Aseel Niema Hafith B.D.S, MSC, PhD Orthodontics, Department of Orthodontics ,College of dentistry, University of Kut, Wasit ,52001, Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5195/d3000.2026.1329

Keywords:

Cigarette Smoke, Dental Caries, Buccal Cells, Cytogenetics

Abstract

The many constituents in cigarette smoke induce chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations, DNA strand breaks, and micronuclei, all of which lead to the carcinogenic impacts caused by cigarette smoke. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between DMFT and cytogenetic alterations (cytotoxicity and mutagenicity) in buccal mucosal cells caused by cigarette smoke in young male using a micronucleus test and the Giemsa staining method. 70 men between the ages of 30 and 35 participated in this study. Thirty-five (smokers) and thirty-five (non-smokers). Giemsa stain was utilized after the smears were collected using a cytobrush. DMFT was used to determine dental caries. Smokers and nonsmokers have significantly different micronuclei along with other abnormalities (P<0.05). The DMFT mean is not statistically significant (P>0.05). Dental caries (DMFT) and micronucleus expression are not significantly correlated with one exception of a weakly significant association between PK and DMFT. Cytogenetic evaluation of buccal cells by micronucleus assay is a good indicator to identify people who are highly susceptible to oral mutations due to the detrimental impacts of smoking. The genotoxic effects of smoking lead to increased expression of micronuclei and a lack of oral health.

Downloads

Published

2026-06-02

Issue

Vol. 14 No. 1 (2026)

Section

Adults & the Elderly

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Umelbaneen J. Alalawy, Huda A. Yaseen, Zainab K.H. Abbas, Muqdham Mohammed Hummadi, Waleed Shallal, Aseel Niema Hafith

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
  2. Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
  3. The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
    1. Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
    with the understanding that the above condition can be waived with permission from the Author and that where the Work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license.
  4. The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
  5. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
  6. Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
  7. The Author represents and warrants that:
    1. the Work is the Author’s original work;
    2. the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
    3. the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
    4. the Work has not previously been published;
    5. the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
    6. the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
  8. The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.

Revised 7/16/2018. Revision Description: Removed outdated link.