Dentistry 3000
type: channel
description: Dentistry 3000 is a free online dental journal
publisher: University Library System, University of Pittsburgh
language: en-US
publication name: Dentistry 3000
issn: 2167-8677
copyright: Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution. Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work. The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions: Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site; with the understanding that the above condition can be waived with permission from the Author and that where the Work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license. The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a …
items: Reinforcement of Glass Ionomer Cement by Yttrium Oxide Nanoparticle Substitution
items: Optimizing Orthodontic Force for an Endodontically Treated Maxillary Central Incisor
items: Effectiveness of Clove Extract-Dental Flossing in Reduction of Supragingival Biofilm
items: Impacted Lower Third Molars Removal
items: Resulting Stresses of Using Angle-Neck Implant in the All on Four Treatment
items: Current Trends and Evidence-Based Practices in Pediatric Preventive Dentistry
items: Thermal Pattern Analysis for Detecting Subclinical Inflammation
items: Molar Incisor Hypomineralization with Emphasis on the Current Treatment Evidence
items: Language, Nativity, or Both?
items: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Dental Implant Planning
items: Patient Satisfaction with Orthodontic Treatment
items: Potential Role of Parasitic Infection in Periodontal Disease
items: Dexamethasone Injection on Postoperative Complications After Impacted Lower 3rd Molar Extraction
items: Association between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Periodontal Health
items: Post-Curing Duration on the Mechanical Performance and Surface Quality of LCD-Printed Denture Base Resin
items: Effects of Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles and Curing Techniques on the Acrylic Mechanical Properties
items: CBCT Accuracy in Detecting Interproximal Caries with and without Amalgam Restorations
items: Minimally Invasive Approach to Periapical Granuloma
items: MIMICS-Based 3D CT Morphometrics of Mandibular Condyles
items: Palatal Depth, Anchoring Holes, and Denture Cleanser Types on Adaptation of Acrylic Denture Bases
items: The Impact of Smoking and Vaping in Teenagers Regarding Periodontal Healing and Surgical Prognosis
items: Effect of Different Bleaching Systems on Surface Roughness of Two Nano-hybrid Composite Resins
items: Evaluation of Digital and Conventional Impression Techniques in Youthful Prosthodontics Patients
items: Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Application In Prosthodontics
items: Marginal Fit of Metal Copings Made by Three Fabrication Routes
items: Porosity of Heat Cured Acrylic After Adding Salvador Persica
items: The Role of Advanced Glycation End Products in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes-Associated Periodontitis
items: Does Spontaneous Bone Healing Exist Following the Enucleation of a Jaw Cyst?
items: Physical Activity, Hydration, and Oral Health in Physical Education and Sports
items: Salivary Beta Defensins 1 in Relation to Dental Caries
items: Evaluation of Provisional Restorations
items: Comparison of Different Surgical Techniques in the Management of Oroantral Fistula
items: Minerals and Vitamins Levels in Children with Enamel Hypoplasia

Reinforcement of Glass Ionomer Cement by Yttrium Oxide Nanoparticle Substitution
type: item
description: Objective: To determine the surface microhardness after 24 hours of maturation effect of paertial weight-based substitution of conventional GIC (glass ionomer cement) powder with Y2O3 nanoparticles. Materials and Methods: Four groups with 12 specimens per group were prepared. One control without any nanoparticle addition and GIC powder partially substituted with 1wt% Y2O3, 3 wt% Y2O3, and 5 wt% Y2O3 nanoparticles. The control and substitute groups had the same powder-liquid ratios overall. Specimens were prepared as per the manufacturer’s instriction and transported away for storage for a duration of 24 hours. Surface microhardness was carried out on all groups with the use of a Vickers microhardness tester (200 g load, 15 sec). Intergroup comparisons were done with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: An increase in microhardness dependent on concentration was observed with increasing substitutions with nanoparticles (p = 0.036). Conclusion: Regular powder of GIC partially replaced with nanoparticles of yttrium oxide produced a significant improvement of surface microhardness at 24 h. Composition with lower proportions did not produce any significance changes.
creator: Zuha Ayad Jaber
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zuha Ayad Jaber https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-20
publication date: 2026-04-20
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1227

Optimizing Orthodontic Force for an Endodontically Treated Maxillary Central Incisor
type: item
description: Objective: The aim of this study was to assess orthodontic mechanotherapy treatment effects on the prognosis of endodontically treated teeth. Materials and Methods: Ten three-dimensional (3D) model for the four maxillary incisors and their related structure were constructed ; five of them have vital tooth property while the remining have the property for endodontically treated tooth. Five forms of tooth movements that involved through orthodontic mechanotherapy were simulated on each right central incisor: Intrusion (0.2 N), Extrusion, Rotation and, Tipping (0.6 N), and Translation (1.2 N). Results: The results show that the highest von mises stress was recorded within Translation movement for both vital and non-vital tooth within the highest value was recorded for vital teeth model (24.36 MPa). In general, in all orthodontic tooth movement for the four anterior teeth in both proposed condition the tension stress that have been recorded are higher than the compressive stress. Conclusion : Nativity and language preference interact to limit access to dental care. Spanish-When optimal force was maintained during orthodontic tooth movement, finite element study show that; for vital teeth only the Translation orthodontic tooth movement resulted in PDL compression stress higher than MTS suggesting ischemic and resorptive risks occurrence. While for non-vital teeth this risk appeared in both Rotation and Translation orthodontic tooth movement.
creator: Lamiaa A. Hasan
creator: Afrah Khazal Al Hamdany
creator: Mohammed Najeeb Abdullah Alrawi
creator: Emad Hazim Kasim Alhajar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Lamiaa A. Hasan, Afrah Khazal Al Hamdany, Mohammed Najeeb Abdullah Alrawi, Emad Hazim Kasim Alhajar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-17
publication date: 2026-03-17
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1160

Effectiveness of Clove Extract-Dental Flossing in Reduction of Supragingival Biofilm
type: item
description: Objective: Dental biofilm in interproximal locations is difficult to manage with a toothbrush. Consequently, some products, such as dental floss, may be in benefit for these specific locations, with natural ingredients that can be used as a long-term substitute for mouthwashes with chemical-based bacterial resistance. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of dental floss impregnated with clove extract versus, using a dental floss impregnated with 5% chlorhexidine gluconate in terms for reducing a supragingival biofilm. Materials and Methods: Eighty children, aged 12 to 15, from undergraduate clinics in Babylon University's Faculty of Dentistry in Iraq, were sampled for this study and split equally into four groups. Group 1 (negative control) did not use waxed floss without mouthwash; Group 2 (positive control) flossed without impregnation with mouthwash twice daily; Group 3 (positive control) flossed with chlorhexidine gluconate twice daily; and Test Group 4 (G4) used the same dental floss twice daily with clove extract impregnation. Every group was assessed in this study after two and four weeks, respectively. Using the (Quigley-Hein Index) in which was modified by Turesky et al, the presence of a biofilm was assessed to the four surfaces (mesiobuccal, distobuccal, mesiolingual, and distolingual), giving each tooth four scores. Results: Between and within groups, there was a highly significant difference (P < 0.001) at two and four weeks. In group 4, the mean dental plaque value was the lowest. Conclusion: In comparison to dental floss impregnated with chlorhexidine gluconate, and traditional waxed floss, it was determined, that the use of dental floss impregnated with clove extract produced further decreases in the supragingival biofilm on the anterior teeth.
creator: Dhuha Malek Hasan
creator: Mukhaled Louay Ali
creator: Israa Hussein Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dhuha Malek Hasan, Mukhaled Louay Ali, Israa Hussein Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-07
publication date: 2026-04-07
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1176

Impacted Lower Third Molars Removal
type: item
description: Objective: This study aimed to evaluate whether diode laser-assisted surgery, supplemented with low-level laser therapy (LLLT), offers superior postoperative outcomes compared to the conventional rotary bur technique. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 40 patients evenly assigned to either conventional or diode laser-assisted surgical extraction groups. Clinical parameters—including pain (VAS), swelling, and trismus—were systematically monitored on postoperative Days 1, 3, 7, and 14. Results: The conventional group had significantly lower mean pain and swelling scores at all follow-up durations. in contrast to expected benefit, patients treated with the diode laser experienced more pain and greater trismus. Conclusions: In the current clinical setup and protocols, the conventional bur rotary surgery is still the more predictable method for third molar surgery, which denotes additional research and perfectioning of the laser-based procedures.
creator: Wisam Rasool Jalaawi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Wisam Rasool Jalaawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-10
publication date: 2026-02-10
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1113

Resulting Stresses of Using Angle-Neck Implant in the All on Four Treatment
type: item
description: This study aims to evaluate the biomechanical effect of using angled-neck implants in the All-on-Four treatment concept on resulting stresses, using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The All-on-Four concept is a widely used solution for the rehabilitation of completely edentulous patients with advanced alveolar resorption, allowing the placement of four strategically positioned implants without the need for systematic bone augmentation procedures. In this protocol, the anterior implants are placed axially, while the posterior implants are angled to increase the anteroposterior distance and reduce the length of the prosthetic cantilever. In this research, three-dimensional models of the atrophied maxilla and mandible were obtained from computed tomography (CT) scan data and digitally reconstructed. Two main configurations were compared: a model with posterior implants with a straight neck and a model with implants with a 30° angled neck. The implant structures, multi-unit abutments, prosthetic superstructure, and cortical and trabecular bone tissues were modeled using computer-aided design software and then analyzed by a finite element solver. An oblique load of 218 N, applied at 30° to the longitudinal axis of the tooth at the first molar, was simulated to reproduce functional occlusal conditions. The maximum and minimum principal stresses in the cortical bone, as well as the Von Mises stresses in the implants, were evaluated. The results showed that modifying the implant neck geometry significantly influences the stress distribution, particularly in the posterior peri-implant cortical bone. Angled-neck implants allowed for a more homogeneous redistribution of compressive stresses, with a reduction in localized stress peaks in certain critical areas, particularly in osseointegrated models. Thus, finite element analysis confirmed that the design of the implant neck is a determining factor in the biomechanical behavior of the All-on-Four implant system, influencing prima…
creator: Najih jasim Eissa
creator: Nafhat Almisk Amer Saleh
creator: Hadeel Abed
creator: Zaid Ali Alasadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Najih jasim Eissa, Nafhat Almisk Amer Saleh, Hadeel Abed, Zaid Ali Alasadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1210

Current Trends and Evidence-Based Practices in Pediatric Preventive Dentistry
type: item
description: This work evaluated the global impact of early childhood caries, particularly emphasizing underserved populations. Additionally, it assesses the current trends and evidence-based practices in pediatric preventive dentistry. The article presents recent clinical findings from a qualitative literature review covering the years 2015–2025, with data obtained from PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. To evaluate the findings, a comprehensive search and thematic grouping of findings has been conducted. The results demonstrated that fluoride varnishes and dental sealants are highly effective in reducing caries incidence. Furthermore, this article highlighted how new technologies, including silver diamine fluoride (SDF), AI-assisted detection, and Teledentistry, might help people get care more easily. Nonetheless, obstacles such as limited parental understanding and poor implementation of practices remain substantial challenges. The conclusion emphasises that combining evidence-based methods with better policy and family education is essential for better paediatric oral health outcomes.
creator: Sheren Sameer Yousif
creator: Shahad Fahim Obaid
creator: Hawraa Abdulla Spahi
creator: Fatima Abdulkhalik Azeez
creator: Zahraa Raad Ali
creator: Alaa Mohammed Naeem
creator: Hayder Radhi Radeef
creator: Duaa Subhi Rasn
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sheren Sameer Yousif, Shahad Fahim Obaid, Hawraa Abdulla Spahi, Fatima Abdulkhalik Azeez, Zahraa Raad Ali, Alaa Mohammed Naeem, Hayder Radhi Radeef, Duaa Subhi Rasn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-09
publication date: 2026-02-09
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1106

Thermal Pattern Analysis for Detecting Subclinical Inflammation
type: item
description: Objective: To detect the subclinical and suspected inflammatory tissue changes on the jaws by combining infrared thermography with X-ray radiography. Materials and Methods: The study included 150 patients who were referred for panoramic X-rays. Patients selected included 72 males and 78 females, with ages ranging from 18 to 50 years. Infrared thermography (IRT) was applied in the study for screening suspected jaw inflammation. IRT findings were compared with panoramic radiography (a reference standard). After the diagnosis of periapical diseases, each participant in the study was examined thermographically by using an infra-red camera (Teledyne FLIR, Model T560), extra-oral on the face, directed at the maxilla and mandible regions. Thermograms were captured in frontal view, right view, and left view. All thermograms and panoramic radiographs (OPG) were processed and visually enhanced using Fiji ImageJ software for better thermographic and radiographic analysis. The thermographic findings were then compared with the radiographic findings (OPG x-rays). Results: The statistical analysis of infrared thermography findings showed that 20% of the cases were positive (inflammatory or suspicious), and 80% of cases were negative (normal pattern). The thermal pattern of infrared thermography showed IRT-positive cases as follows: pulpitis with apical periodontitis 13 (8.7%), acute periapical abscess 9 (6.0%), chronic periapical abscess 5 (3.3%), and suspected 3 (2%). The last three suspected cases were unspecified and considered as IRT-positive cases (inflammatory or suspicious). When IRT findings were compared with OPG findings, they showed a sensitivity of 92.6%, a specificity of 95.9%, and an accuracy of 95.3%. Analysis also showed good agreement between IRT and OPG findings (Cohen’s κ = 0.848), and disagreement was limited (FP = 5 vs FN = 2). For two modalities, analysis showed no significant difference in paired positive and negative classifications (exact McNemar test, p …
creator: Hussein Haleem Jasim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hussein Haleem Jasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-07
publication date: 2026-04-07
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1179

Molar Incisor Hypomineralization with Emphasis on the Current Treatment Evidence
type: item
description: MIH is a common developmental defect that affects both the permanent incisors and first molars, which has significant esthetic, functional along with psychological implications. The condition has a complex etiology that includes genetic, environmental, and systemic factors, but its precise mechanisms are currently unknown. The diagnosis and treatment of MIH are made more difficult by its clinical manifestations, which include opacities, hypersensitivity, post-eruptive breakdown, and atypical restorations. As the lesion severity, patient's age and cooperation are the guide for preventive, non-invasive, and restorative therapies. Advancements including AI-assisted imaging and photobiomodulation provide encouraging opportunities for specific, individualized conservative treatment. Standardizing the treatment protocols, establishing long-term durability, and incorporating new materials into daily practice remain difficult tasks despite the emerging advancements. The clinical management of MIH with a focus on evidence is the main topic of this study.
creator: Sarah Mohammed Khammas
creator: Rula Nabil Issa
creator: Saja Sami Malik
creator: Rafal Mohammed Mariush
creator: Samara Faris Abdulazeez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sarah Mohammed Khammas, Rula Nabil Issa, Saja Sami Malik, Rafal Mohammed Mariush, Samara Faris Abdulazeez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-05
publication date: 2026-02-05
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1102

Language, Nativity, or Both?
type: item
description: Objective: This study explores the effects of nativity and language preference among Mexican Americans to identify the primary drivers of poor oral health. Materials and Methods: We analyzed adult data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2011-2020), focusing on Mexican Americans (N = 2,840). The three outcomes were irregular dentist visits, self-rated poor oral health, and a clinical measure of missing or incomplete teeth. Results: Foreign-born Mexican Americans were less likely to have irregular dental visits (OR = 0.59), but this trend reversed for Spanish speakers (OR = 1.36), who reported more irregular visits than English speakers. Spanish-speaking Mexican Americans showed worse oral health and more missing teeth, highlighting the negative impact of language barriers. Conclusion: Nativity and language preference interact to limit access to dental care. Spanish-language preference is linked to more severe oral health issues, while foreign-born status is more closely tied to irregular dental visits.
creator: Chengming Han
creator: Nan Zhou
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Chengming Han, Nan Zhou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-12
publication date: 2026-03-12
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1175

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Dental Implant Planning
type: item
description: AI technology have transformed implant dentistry. This article focusses on the use of AI in implant dentistry, including its impact on diagnosis, treatment planning, image analysis, and deep learning algorithms. These technologies improve implant placement precision, reduce risks, and optimise aesthetics. AI-driven data analytics enhance patient-specific treatment regimens, leading to higher success rates. AI has the potential to transform implant dentistry and bring in a more personalised and efficient approach to oral healthcare.
creator: Zainab Tariq Al-Atya
creator: Zeena Tariq Alatiya
creator: Rand Mohammed Falah
creator: Maher Mohammed Jwaid
creator: Amena R. Moujed
creator: Noorhan Hayder Jaafer
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zainab Tariq Al-Atya, Zeena Tariq Alatiya, Rand Mohammed Falah, Maher Mohammed Jwaid, Amena R. Moujed, Noorhan Hayder Jaafer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-05
publication date: 2026-02-05
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1098

Patient Satisfaction with Orthodontic Treatment
type: item
description: Objectives: To evaluate patients’ satisfaction at Baghdad University Teaching Dental Hospital and identify areas of dissatisfaction that could be improved. Materials and MethodsA questionnaire was developed based on previous audits and consists of 10 objective questions covering a wide range of topics related to the patient-orthodontist relationship, assessing access and continuity of care. This 10-item questionnaire was used to gather information about patient satisfaction regarding the patient-orthodontist relationship, access, waiting time, facilities, and continuity of care. Results: One hundred patients completed the data collection sheet; 68% were female, and 32% were male. Most patients were undergoing fixed orthodontic appliance treatment (n=75, 75%), while the remainder were using removable appliances (n=25, 25%). The audit revealed that patients’ satisfaction could be improved in two areas: ‘My orthodontist explains what he/she is going to do’ (77%) and ‘The toilets are accessible and clean’ (61%). Conclusion: An effective first-visit consultation alone is insufficient to ensure high patient satisfaction. Follow-up consultation visits are recommended to enhance retention of the information provided.
creator: Hiba M. Alkhateeb
creator: Mohammed Hamoudi Alsunboli
creator: Sura J. Al-Haidary
creator: Farah Ghanim Agha
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hiba M. Alkhateeb, Mohammed Hamoudi Alsunboli, Sura J. Al-Haidary, Farah Ghanim Agha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1090

Potential Role of Parasitic Infection in Periodontal Disease
type: item
description: Dental plaque formation is linked to periodontal disease, a chronic, multifaceted inflammatory disorder. Microbial an imbalance has been connected to the pathophysiology and fundamental the cause of periodontal disease. Research is still being done to determine the causes of dysbiosis of microbes in the oral cavity. The structure of bacteria and how they create biofilms or microbial films on a variety of substrates, including the oral cavity, have been the subject of research. Protozoa are among the microbes found in human gingival bio films, according to recent studies. The article attempted to describe the possible role of parasite infection in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis.
creator: Ahmed Abdul-Hassan Abbas
creator: Saif Salahuddin Jasim
creator: Maha Mohammed Abd Ali
creator: Abd-Muhsin Al-Khayat
creator: Batool Hassan Al-Ghurabi
creator: Hind Wael Al-Alousi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Abdul-Hassan Abbas, Saif Salahuddin Jasim, Maha Mohammed Abd Ali, Abd-Muhsin Al-Khayat, Batool Hassan Al-Ghurabi, Hind Wael Al-Alousi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-16
publication date: 2026-02-16
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1133

Dexamethasone Injection on Postoperative Complications After Impacted Lower 3rd Molar Extraction
type: item
description: Objective: The most common oral surgery is removing impacted lower third molars, which can be extremely painful and cause swelling to soft and bone tissue tension. Postoperative sequelae can bother patients and lower their quality of life. Thus, third-molar surgery patients need better pain management. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of submucosal injection of 4 mg/1 ml dexamethasone in reducing postoperative pain, and facial swelling after surgical removal of impacted lower wisdom teeth. Subjects and Methods: This randomized clinical study included 100 patients with impacted mandibular third molars. Five minutes after the local anaesthesia injection, they were randomly assigned to a control group and a research group of fifty patients each. The study group got a 4 mg/1 ml submucosal injection of dexamethasone five minutes after local anaesthesia, whereas the control group received normal saline. Five minutes later, impacted teeth were surgically removed. estimated daily discomfort until the 7th postoperative day, and mouth opening and edema were assessed preoperatively, on the second and seventh postoperative days. These characteristics were examined between groups along with operation time. Results: The study group demonstrated a statistically significant (p<0.05) reduction in pain scores on the first and second postoperative days and a statistically significant decrease in swelling compared to the control group at a 7-day follow-up. Conclusion: According to the findings, a submucosal injection of dexamethasone (4 milligrams) that is administered as an intraoral injection after surgery is particularly helpful in reducing postoperative pain and swelling.
creator: Luay H. Jalil
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Luay H. Jalil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1283

Association between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Periodontal Health
type: item
description: Objective: To assess the relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and periodontal health in Iraqi men. Materials and Methods: In this case–control study, 45 males aged (30-50) were involved. 25 patients considered as a case group with chronic periodontitis (stages III–IV), and 20 individuals with healthy periodontium counted as control group. Participants with systemic diseases, smoking, or vitamin D supplementation were excluded. Plaque index (PLI) and gingival index (GI) were obtained and serum 25(OH)D levels measured with Roche E411 analyzer. Vitamin D status was grouped as sufficient (≥20 ng/mL) or insufficient (<20 ng/mL, independent-samples t-tests, chi-square tests and Odds ratio (OR) were utilized for analysis. Results: PLI and GI were significantly greater in the periodontitis group (p < 0.001). Mean serum 25(OH)D level was more pronounced in the controls (15.05 ± 5.48 ng/mL) compared to periodontitis group (12.40 ± 6.70 ng/mL), but this difference was not significant (p = 0.161). Vitamin D insufficiency was frequent in both groups and more prevalent in periodontitis patients (OR = 2.67; p = 0.423). Conclusion: Serum 25(OH)D concentration showed no significant correlation with periodontal status. Larger and more varied populations are needed to clarify the relationship.
creator: Lara Kusrat Hussein
creator: Suha Aswad Dahash
creator: Sura Yaseen Khudhur
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Lara Kusrat Hussein, Suha Aswad Dahash, Sura Yaseen Khudhur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-13
publication date: 2026-02-13
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1130

Post-Curing Duration on the Mechanical Performance and Surface Quality of LCD-Printed Denture Base Resin
type: item
description: Objective: To investigated how post-curing times of 10 minutes and 20 minutes affect the mechanical properties and surface characteristics of LCD-printed denture base resin. Materials and Methods: Ninety standardized specimens were fabricated and distributed across three experimental groups consisting of an untreated control sample and two groups that received post-curing treatments for 10 minutes and 20 minutes. The three-point bending test evaluated flexural strength through its testing procedure. Vickers microhardness testing in a microhardness indenter was used to measure hardness while digital profilometry assessed surface roughness. Results: A trend for improved mechanical properties were observed with extended post-curing time although not statistically different. Conclusion: The mechanical strength of 3D-printed denture base resins may increase with longer post-curing times, but this method prevents damage to the surface.
creator: Nooralhouda Saadallah Alhamdani
creator: Ahmed Asim Al-Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nooralhouda Saadallah Alhamdani, Ahmed Asim Al-Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1274

Effects of Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles and Curing Techniques on the Acrylic Mechanical Properties
type: item
description: Objective: This study investigated the effects of gadolinium oxide (Gd₂O₃) nanoparticles on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and compared the mechanical properties of denture base resins cured via UV laser and conventional water bath techniques. Methods: Forty PMMA specimens were prepared, with half incorporating Gd₂O₃ nanoparticles. Samples were cured using one of two methods: a UV laser (150–400 nm wavelength, 10–25 minutes irradiation time) or a conventional water bath (74°C for 8 hours). The mechanical properties of all specimens were evaluated through transverse strength testing, porosity analysis, and surface roughness measurements. Results: UV laser-cured specimens exhibited significantly higher transverse strength and significantly reduced porosity compared to water bath-cured specimens. Surface roughness showed a slight, non-significant increase with laser curing. The findings suggest that UV laser curing, combined with Gd₂O₃ nanoparticles, enhances PMMA’s mechanical properties, offering a faster, more precise alternative to traditional water bath curing with potential clinical benefits in denture durability. Conclusion: The findings indicate that UV laser curing, especially when combined with Gd₂O₃ nanoparticles, enhances PMMA’s mechanical properties by improving polymerization efficiency and reducing porosity. This method offers a faster and more precise alternative to traditional water bath curing, with potential clinical benefits for denture durability and performance.
creator: Mithaq R. Mohammed
creator: Abdalbseet A. Fatalla
creator: Matheel Al-Rawas
creator: Yanti Johari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mithaq R. Mohammed, Abdalbseet A. Fatalla , Matheel Al-Rawas, Yanti Johari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-12
publication date: 2026-02-12
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1126

CBCT Accuracy in Detecting Interproximal Caries with and without Amalgam Restorations
type: item
description: Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in detecting interproximal caries in human extracted teeth with and without amalgam restorations. Materials and Methods: This study included 200 human posterior extracted teeth. One hundred teeth had proximal amalgam restorations, and 100 were unrestored. All specimens were scanned using Planmeca ProMax 3D CBCT (FOV 8×8 cm; voxel size 0.2 mm). Caries presence was determined histologically (gold standard) and scored using ICDAS criteria. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and overall accuracy were calculated. Logistic regression assessed the influence of amalgam on diagnostic performance. Results: CBCT demonstrated lower sensitivity and specificity in teeth with amalgam compared to unrestored teeth. Beam-hardening artifacts significantly influenced diagnostic reliability (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Although CBCT shows acceptable diagnostic performance for interproximal caries detection, the presence of amalgam restorations moderately reduces accuracy. Conventional bitewing radiography should remain the primary modality when metallic restorations are present.
creator: Ali Hakiem Tawfieq
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Hakiem Tawfieq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-27
publication date: 2026-04-27
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1232

Minimally Invasive Approach to Periapical Granuloma
type: item
description: Periapical granuloma is a chronic inflammatory lesion located on the apex of the tooth, which may occur due to pulp infection or unsuccessful endodontic therapy. Apicoectomy continues to be the definitive treatment of choice, however, recurrence or incomplete healing is still problematic, especially in patients with systemic or periodontal risk factors. Adjuvant diode laser photobiomodulation (PBM) might improve wound healing, bone healing and patient satisfaction, but data are still scarce. To evaluate the relative clinical efficacy of conventional apicoectomy and apicoectomy with adjunct to improve healing, bone regeneration, patient satisfaction and complications. A prospective randomized controlled trial included 250 patients (age range: 45–66 years) referred for apicoectomy of periapical granuloma. Subjects were stratified by age, gender, socioeconomic, and residential strata, and then randomly assigned to a Laser PBM (n = 150) or Control (n = 100) group. Following surgery PBM protocol (810-980 nm, 0.3 W, 3 min every 48 h for 10 days) was applied. Outcome measurements were healing index, satisfaction, CBCT bone fill, CPITN improvement, and complications. The Laser group was associated with significantly increased HA levels of healing (4.22 ± 0.49 vs. 3.05 ± 0.50, p < 0.001), satisfaction (3.78 ± 0.40 vs. 2.59 ± 0.61, p < 0.001), and bone fill rates (94% vs. 56%, p < 0.001) compared to the conventional therapy 94%, compared with 56%, p = 0.001, as well as greater improvement in CPITN (1.7 ± 0.6 vs 1.0 ± 0.5, p = 0.003) and complications (2% vs 18%, p = 0.01). Benefits were uniform in age, sex, and socioeconomic subgroups. The use of adjunctive diode laser PBM is accompanied with the advantages of promoting healing, better patients' satisfaction, bone regeneration, and safety for the treatment of apicoectomy, regardless of patients’ profiles. Its use as part of the surgical procedure could be beneficial for outcomes in periapical surgery.
creator: Wisam Rasool Jalaawi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Wisam Rasool Jalaawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-10
publication date: 2026-02-10
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1114

MIMICS-Based 3D CT Morphometrics of Mandibular Condyles
type: item
description: Objective: To investigate the influences of age, sex and side on dimensions of the condylar head in a three-dimensional CT DICOM image using MIMICS software. Patients and Methods: The study samples consisted of eighty individuals (40 males and 40 females) divided in two age groups (childhood and adolescence). Width and length of condylar head were measured using 3D CT DICOM images processed by MIMICS software from radiology archive in specialist radiology center in different Iraqi hospitals. Results Age represented the most remarkable influence on condylar dimensions, with a statistically significant increment from infancy to adolescence. All dimensions were significantly greater for males compared to females, especially condylar width. Age by sex interaction increased sexual dimorphism during adolescence, particularly in transverse dimension. No significant differences between right and left sides were found, indicating bilateral symmetry. Conclusion Transverse growth was more sensitive to developmental and sexually dimorphic factors, as mandibular condylar width had higher correlation coefficients with age and sex compared to condylar length. Bilateral symmetry was preserved, as no significant right–left differences were detected. The current study provides normative reference values useful in forensic identification, orthodontics and anthropological assessment for the Iraqi subadult population.
creator: Hibah Ezzat Rashid Berum
creator: Ayman Hameed Uraibi
creator: Haider Ali Hasan
creator: Asmaa Sami Jawad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hibah Ezzat Rashid Berum, Ayman Hameed Uraibi, Haider Ali Hasan, Asmaa Sami Jawad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1211

Palatal Depth, Anchoring Holes, and Denture Cleanser Types on Adaptation of Acrylic Denture Bases
type: item
description: Objective: This study examines how palatal vault depth, mechanical anchoring, processing techniques, and denture cleanser immersion affect the posterior palatal adaptation of acrylic denture bases. Materials andMethods: Forty-eight PMMA denture bases were fabricated using either compression or injection molding. They were categorized by palatal depth (shallow, medium, high) and the presence or absence of anchoring holes. Specimens were immersed in four solutions—distilled water, 1% sodium hypochlorite, 2% chlorhexidine, and Kin® effervescent tablets—for 3, 10, 30, or 60 days. Digital gap measurements were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD tests (α = 0.05). Results: Adaptation was significantly affected by palatal depth, anchoring, processing method, and immersion time (p < 0.05). Different gap distances were observed across palatal depths, with anchored specimens demonstrating better adaptation. Injection molding provided greater dimensional stability over time than compression molding. However, cleanser type did not significantly influence adaptation (p > 0.05), regardless of immersion duration. Conclusion: Posterior palatal adaptation is mainly influenced by fabrication method, mechanical anchoring, and immersion time, while cleanser type has minimal effect. Optimizing these factors can improve denture fit and longevity.
creator: Ali Nima Ahmed Hussein
creator: Mustafa Mahdi Jassim
creator: Rola Waleed Abdul-Razaq
creator: Abdalbseet A Fatalla
creator: Matheel Al-Rawas
creator: Mustafa Shakir Mahmood
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Nima Ahmed Hussein , Mustafa Mahdi Jassim, Rola Waleed Abdul-Razaq, Abdalbseet A Fatalla , Matheel Al-Rawas, Mustafa Shakir Mahmood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-05
publication date: 2026-02-05
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1108

The Impact of Smoking and Vaping in Teenagers Regarding Periodontal Healing and Surgical Prognosis
type: item
description: Cigarette smoking and vaping use among adolescents are increasing worldwide. Conventional (tobacco cigarette) and e-cigarette (e-cigarette; vaping) smoking is associated with periodontal disease progression and impaired wound healing after oral or periodontal surgery. However, adolescents constitute a vulnerable subgroup due to their developing craniofacial structures, changes in hormonal status, and behavioral practices that may increase the toxicity of nicotine and other toxins. The objective of this work was to provide a summary of evidence related to the influence of adolescent smoking and vaping on periodontal healing and surgical outcomes. The basic biologic processes, clinical implications, and management considerations of this age group, who are managed in the clinical setting with or without periodontal/oral surgery, were addressed. Adolescent smokers/vapers heal less well after surgery. These effects may be minimized by including the assessment of preoperative risk, patient education, and personalized postoperative management in the everyday work of the physician. Cessation programs for adolescents and prevention programs are very important adjuncts to improving oral health.
creator: Sajjad Ahmed Shakir
creator: Omer Tareq Mohammed
creator: Mays Maher Mustafa
creator: Ali Abdulridha Alsaffar Mahdi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sajjad Ahmed Shakir, Omer Tareq Mohammed, Mays Maher Mustafa, Ali Abdulridha Alsaffar Mahdi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-09
publication date: 2026-02-09
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1103

Effect of Different Bleaching Systems on Surface Roughness of Two Nano-hybrid Composite Resins
type: item
description: Objective: This research aimed to assess the impact of 40% hydrogen peroxide bleaching in the workplace and 16% carbamide peroxide bleaching at home on the composite's surface roughness based on Omnichroma and Evetric resin. Materials and Methods: 24-disc composite samples, each measuring 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height, were created for this in vitro experimental investigation using every kind of nano-hybrid resin composite material. All composite group's samples were randomly split into 3 subgroups (n=8). Samples in the control subgroup were kept for a week at 37°C in artificial saliva. 40% hydrogen peroxide was used to bleach in-office bleaching samples. Samples of home bleaching were be bleached by 16% carbamide peroxide. Measurements of surface roughness were made for every sample in every subgroup. Samples of control sub-group were be considered as base line data. Both parametric and non-parametric statistical analyses were performed at P≤0.05 using the SPSS software (version 25 for Windows). Results: For both studied materials, all subgroups' surface roughness levels dropped below the threshold point (Ra<0.2 μm). The Kruskal–Wallis test revealed a significant difference among the Omnichroma subgroups (p = 0.002). Additionally, the one-way ANOVA confirmed a significant difference among the Evetric subgroups (p=0.035). Conclusions: All tested subgroups of both Omnichroma and Evetric composites showed surface roughness degree below the clinically acceptable threshold (Ra < 0.2 µm). Bleaching with 40% H2O2 and 16% carbamide peroxide gels did not produce a clinically significant increase in surface roughness for either material.
creator: Ibtehal Mohammed Hussein
creator: Eman Adil Abdul Qadir
creator: Jumana Abdulbari Abduljawad
creator: Sarah Ihsan Salah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ibtehal Mohammed Hussein, Eman Adil Abdul Qadir, Jumana Abdulbari Abduljawad, Sarah Ihsan Salah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-05
publication date: 2026-02-05
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1100

Evaluation of Digital and Conventional Impression Techniques in Youthful Prosthodontics Patients
type: item
description: Objective: To assess time, pain, comfort, gag reflex, and breathing difficulty levels of patients undergoing digital and conventional impression techniques. Materials and Methods: Data showed differences between conventional and digital techniques preferences in all assessments with all patients preferring the digital technique over the conventional one. Results: Data showed differences between conventional and digital techniques preferences in all assessments with all patients preferring the digital technique over the conventional one. Conclusion: Digital impressions proved to be the most comfortable and preferred technique by young prosthodontic patients.
creator: Reem Ahmed Shihab
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Reem Ahmed Shihab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-03
publication date: 2026-04-03
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1168

Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Application In Prosthodontics
type: item
description: Objectives: To assess current knowledge about copper oxide nanoparticles and their applications in prosthetic dental technology. Materials and Methods: On this topic, an electronic systematic review was conducted in various databases (Google Scholar research, Science Direct reports, PubMed studies, and Web of Science data), as well as a hand search of the scientific literature. From 2015 to 2022, published work was collected, analyses, and relevant articles were chosen for inclusion in this review. Copper oxide nanoparticles and their applications in prosthetic dental technology have been reported in several studies. More than 30 papers were chosen for this review based on their applicability. Results: The findings suggest that current knowledge is adequate to recommend copper oxide nanoparticles and their applications in prosthetic dental technology for routine laboratory use, with improvements in each of the current nano materials and procedures for prosthetic dental technology. Conclusion: Because of their physical and chemical properties, copper oxide nanoparticles are suitable for prosthetic restorations; however, careful processing methods, nano materials, laboratory skill, and a strict protocol for prosthetic restoration are required to improve the mechanical and physical properties.
creator: Maha Hussaein
creator: Hawraa Khalid
creator: Wafaa Jasem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Maha Hussaein, Hawraa Khalid, Wafaa Jasem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1092

Marginal Fit of Metal Copings Made by Three Fabrication Routes
type: item
description: Objective: The accuracy of marginal fit is essential for the longevity of metal restorations because any gap increases biological and mechanical risks. Digital fabrication methods, such as milling and 3D printing, were introduced to reduce the errors seen in conventional casting. This study compares the marginal gaps of copings made by the three techniques to identify the most accurate method within clinical limits. Materials and Methods: Thirty copings, ten per technique, were made on a standardized maxillary molar preparation. Vertical marginal gaps were measured at the buccal and lingual reference points under a stereo microscope at ×40 using image analysis software. Results: Mean marginal gap was 36.05 μm for printed Co-Cr, 45.15 μm for milled Ti, and 67.04 μm for cast Co-Cr. Differences were significant at p ≤ 0.05. Conclusion: 3D printing produced the smallest gaps, followed by milling, then casting. All means were within a commonly accepted clinical limit of 100 μm. Clinical significance, digital workflows can reduce inaccuracy and support restoration longevity.
creator: Samah Khaleel Radhi Al-Gebori
creator: Sajad Athab Hassan
creator: Ahmed Hazim K. Al-Wtatfi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Samah Khaleel Radhi Al-Gebori, Sajad Athab Hassan, Ahmed Hazim K. Al-Wtatfi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-17
publication date: 2026-02-17
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1135

Porosity of Heat Cured Acrylic After Adding Salvador Persica
type: item
description: Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of incorporating Salvador Persica powder at different concentrations on the porosity of heat-cure acrylic resin. Materials and Methods: An in vitro experiment was conducted using heat-cure PMMA acrylic resin specimens fabricated through a conventional water-bath polymerization technique. Specimens were divided into three groups (n = 10): control group with no additive, group 2 (heat cure + 0.5% Salvador Persica), and group 3 (heat cure + 1% Salvador persica). The additive was incorporated using a weight replacement method while maintaining a standardize powder-liquid ratio. After polymerization specimens were put in a desiccation, specimens were weighed to obtain initial dry weight (Wd), followed by immersion in distilled water for 24 hours and reweighing obtain wet weight (Ws). Results: The control group administrated the lowest mean porosity value (0.281 ± 0.0202). Increase mean values were observed in both experimental groups (0.37 ± 0.32 for 0.5% and 0.36 ± 0.047 for 1%). No statically significant difference was found between the control and 0.5% groups (p = 0.391), whereas a high significant was observed between the control and 1% groups (p = 0.0007). No significant difference was detected between the 0.5% and 1% concentrations (p = 0.924). Conclusion: Incorporation of Salvadora persica powder influenced the porosity of heat-cure acrylic resin. Low concentration (0.5%) did not significantly affect porosity, while higher concentration (1%) significantly increased water sorption, suggesting increased internal porosity. Optimization of additive concentration is therefore essential to balance potential biological benefits with material performance.
creator: Reem Ahmed Shihab
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Reem Ahmed Shihab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-01
publication date: 2026-05-01
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1289

The Role of Advanced Glycation End Products in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes-Associated Periodontitis
type: item
description: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues and is also markedly affected by systemic conditions, especially diabetes mellitus. In diabetic patients, hyperglycemia leads to the formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products in periodontal tissues. The binding of these products with their cellular receptor activates a proinflammatory signaling cascade, increases oxidative stress, and interferes with immune regulation. These mechanisms lead to enhanced periodontal inflammation, delayed healing, and increased alveolar bone loss. This review highlights evidence of the molecular, inflammatory, and microbial actions of advanced glycation end products in the pathogenesis of diabetes-associated periodontitis and their potential application in the diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease in patients with diabetes.
creator: Rafal Ali Salman
creator: Batool Hassan Al-Ghurabi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rafal Ali Salman, Batool Hassan Al-Ghurabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-16
publication date: 2026-02-16
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1131

Does Spontaneous Bone Healing Exist Following the Enucleation of a Jaw Cyst?
type: item
description: Objective: This study evaluated natural bone healing after cystectomy without the aid of a bone graft using clinical examination and panoramic radiographs. Materials and Methods: We recruited ten individuals who presented with cysts in their jaws. Eight females and two males, mean age 38 years old. All patients were treated by conventional enucleation technique without bone graft under local or general anaesthesia. Results: After six months, nine cases showed 50-70% spontaneous bone healing for cyst cavity size while one case showed 20% bone healing with parts of radiolucency less than half of the bony defect. Conclusion: Enucleation of bone cysts without bone grafts remains the efficient tool in the treatment of jaw cysts. Bone regeneration occurs in most cases. The postoperative complications are rare and temporary.
creator: Sabah AbdulRasool Hammodi
creator: Elham Hazeim Abdulkareem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sabah AbdulRasool Hammodi, Elham Hazeim Abdulkareem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1282

Physical Activity, Hydration, and Oral Health in Physical Education and Sports
type: item
description: Objective: To examine the relationship between hydration habits, physical activity, and oral health in students’ physical education and sport (PES), focusing on water intake before, during, and after training, consumption of sugary and sports drinks, dry mouth, and use of additional oral hygiene products. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 121 students (67 males, 54 females; 18–25 years) engaged in regular physical activity. Data were collected via a 14-item structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, χ² goodness-of-fit tests, Cramer’s V, and Spearman’s rank correlation to assess the relationships between hydration, physical activity, and oral health indicators. Results: Most students reported regular physical activity, with 89.2% training ≥3 times per week and 76% training >60 minutes per session. Daily water intake exceeded four glasses for 70.2% of students, though 29.7% consumed insufficient fluids. During training, 9.9% did not drink water, and 44.6% experienced dry mouth at least occasionally. Sports and sugary drinks were consumed regularly by 16.6% and 4.1%, respectively. All students brushed their teeth at least twice daily, but only 20.7% used additional hygiene products. χ² and Cramer’s V analyses revealed statistically significant deviations from uniform responses (p < 0.01), with moderate-to-very strong patterns in hydration, training, oral hygiene, and awareness of hydration’s impact on oral health. Spearman correlations revealed that higher water intake was negatively associated with dry mouth (ρ = −0.41 to −0.48), dry mouth was positively associated with oral problems (ρ = 0.42), and consumption of sports/sugary drinks was moderately positively correlated with oral problems (ρ = 0.29–0.35). Physical activity frequency and duration were positively associated with dry mouth (ρ = 0.27–0.34), while additional oral hygiene use was negatively associated with oral problems (ρ = −0.31). Conclusion: Stud…
creator: Ratko Pavlović
creator: Nikolina Gerdijan
creator: Svjetlana Janković
creator: Zhanneta Kozina
creator: Miroslawa Cieślicka
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ratko Pavlović, Nikolina Gerdijan, Svjetlana Janković, Zhanneta Kozina, Miroslawa Cieślicka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-12
publication date: 2026-02-12
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1128

Salivary Beta Defensins 1 in Relation to Dental Caries
type: item
description: Objective: This study aimed to investigate an association between caries susceptibility among adolescents in Baghdad city and variants in beta defensins 1 (DEFB1). Materials and Methods: This study was conducted among 78 adolescents (39 with very low caries experience and 39 with high caries experience) aged 13–15 years old from Baghdad city. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified from unstimulated saliva samples, namely rs2738182 and rs1800972. Dental caries was evaluated with the DMFS/ DMFT (decayed, missing, filled surface/teeth) and D1-4 indices. Results: None of the studied SNPs revealed significant difference between the high and very low caries groups. Conclusion: Lack of relationship between DEFB1 polymorphisms and susceptibility to caries development underscore the complexity of genetic influences on caries susceptibility and the importance of considering different genetic and environmental factors.
creator: Elaf Abdulkareem Alidan
creator: Ahlam Taha Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Elaf Abdulkareem Alidan, Ahlam Taha Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1239

Evaluation of Provisional Restorations
type: item
description: Objective: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the flexural strength, microhardness, surface roughness, and color stability of provisional materials made using 3D printing, CAD/CAM, and conventional techniques. Materials and Methods: A total of 168 samples were fabricated and divided into three groups. Group A: 3D-printed at build angles of 0°, 15°, and 45°, Group B: CAD/CAM milled at high and low speeds, and Group C: Conventional self-curing interim resin. All samples were tested for flexural strength, microhardness, surface roughness, and color stability. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and t-tests at a significance level of 0.05. Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant differences among groups (P ≤ 0.05). The 15° 3D-printed group showed the highest flexural strength (149.33 MPa), while the CAD/CAM low-speed group had the lowest (95.83 MPa). The conventional resin showed the highest microhardness (23.7), whereas the 3D-printed 45° had the lowest (11.61). 3D-printed 15° exhibited the highest surface roughness (6.45 μm), while 3D-printed 0° and conventional had smoother surface mean values (0.412, 0.656 μm, respectively). CAD/CAM low-speed demonstrated the best color stability (ΔE = 1.18), while 3D-printed 45° showed the highest discoloration (ΔE = 7.42). Conclusion: Fabrication method significantly affects the properties of provisional restorations. While 3D printing offers high strength, it compromises hardness, smoothness, and color stability. Conventional and CAD/CAM methods provide a better balance in clinical performance. Clinical Significance: The method used to fabricate provisional restorations significantly influences their mechanical and esthetic properties, which directly affects their clinical performance, durability, and patient satisfaction. 3D Printing (especially at a 15° build angle) yields high flexural strength, making it suitable for load-bearing areas or cases requiring strong interim restorations. However, it has lower m…
creator: Hussein Hayder Qasim
creator: Mohammed A. Abdulla
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hussein Hayder Qasim, Mohammed A. Abdulla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-10
publication date: 2026-02-10
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1117

Comparison of Different Surgical Techniques in the Management of Oroantral Fistula
type: item
description: Oroantral fistula (OAF) is a disease pathology of the oral cavity to the maxillary sinus, which most frequently occurs after the removal of maxillary posterior teeth. Different surgical interventions have been suggested to deal with it, though no agreement has been attained as to the most efficient method in the various clinical conditions. This experiment was to compare clinical results of various surgical methods that are available in management of oroantral fistula. A potential comparative clinical trial was done on 40 patients well balanced in four groups based on the type of surgical process applied to them, which was the buccal advancement flap, palatal rotational flap, buccal fat pad flap, and the combined use of both layers in the process of most closure. The 3-month post-operative evaluation was in terms of clinical success of closure, postoperative pain, healing time, complications, changes of the depth in the patient, and satisfaction. The outcomes demonstrated that total closure was observed in 100.0 and 100.0 percent of the cases in the buccal fat pad and combined technique group respectively, and 90.0 percent in buccal advancement and palatal flap group respectively. The buccal fat pad group showed the best postoperative pain (VAS: 4.77,9 -24 -36 days 1 and 15.97,9 -24 -36 days 7) and the least amount of time to heal (15.8,83 -24 -36 days 1 and 15.97,83 -24 -36 days 7). The buccal advancement flap exhibited the least amount of operative time (31.5 ± 3.0 minutes) and the highest amount of decrease in the depth of the vestibule (3.22 ± 0.28 mm). Palatal flap group had more postoperative pains and took more time to heal (20.1 ± 1.7 days). The buccal fat pad and combined groups showed no recurrence whilst the buccal and palatal flap groups showed recurrence in 10.0%. The patient satisfaction rate was the greatest in the group of the buccal fat pad (8.84 ± 0.23). Within the scope of this paper, the buccal fat pad flap had better overall clinical performance…
creator: Saif Mohamed Shihab
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Saif Mohamed Shihab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-01
publication date: 2026-05-01
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1291

Minerals and Vitamins Levels in Children with Enamel Hypoplasia
type: item
description: Objective: The present study aimed to estimate the deficiency levels of minerals and vitamins in children with enamel hypoplasia. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 100 children (50 with and 50 without enamel hypoplasia). The samples were then analyzed. Results: The mean differences of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium levels of children with enamel hypoplasia were significantly lower (P≤0.05) than those in the control group. Similarly, the mean differences of vitamin D3, A and K2 in children with enamel hypoplasia were significantly less (P<0.01) than children in the control group. Conclusion: Enamel hypoplasia could result from deficiency in one or more of some minerals and vitamins, including calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D3, vitamin A, or vitamin K2.
creator: Mukhaled Louay Ali
creator: Israa Hussein Ali
creator: Shahad Zahed Al-Janabi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mukhaled Louay Ali, Israa Hussein Ali, Shahad Zahed Al-Janabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-07
publication date: 2026-04-07
volume: 14
number: 1
doi: 10.5195/d3000.2026.1193