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Salivary Beta Defensins 1 in Relation to Dental Caries
Objective: This study aimed to investigate an association between caries susceptibility among adolescents in Baghdad city and variants in beta defensins 1 (DEFB1). Materials and Methods: This study was conducted among 78 adolescents (39 with very low caries experience and 39 with high caries experience) aged 13–15 years old from Baghdad city. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified from unstimulated saliva samples, namely rs2738182 and rs1800972. Dental caries was evaluated with the DMFS/ DMFT (decayed, missing, filled surface/teeth) and D1-4 indices. Results: None of the studied SNPs revealed significant difference between the high and very low caries groups. Conclusion: Lack of relationship between DEFB1 polymorphisms and susceptibility to caries development underscore the complexity of genetic influences on caries susceptibility and the importance of considering different genetic and environmental factors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elaf Abdulkareem Alidan, Ahlam Taha Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the flexural strength, microhardness, surface roughness, and color stability of provisional materials made using 3D printing, CAD/CAM, and conventional techniques. Materials and Methods: A total of 168 samples were fabricated and divided into three groups. Group A: 3D-printed at build angles of 0°, 15°, and 45°, Group B: CAD/CAM milled at high and low speeds, and Group C: Conventional self-curing interim resin. All samples were tested for flexural strength, microhardness, surface roughness, and color stability. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and t-tests at a significance level of 0.05. Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant differences among groups (P ≤ 0.05). The 15° 3D-printed group showed the highest flexural strength (149.33 MPa), while the CAD/CAM low-speed group had the lowest (95.83 MPa). The conventional resin showed the highest microhardness (23.7), whereas the 3D-printed 45° had the lowest (11.61). 3D-printed 15° exhibited the highest surface roughness (6.45 μm), while 3D-printed 0° and conventional had smoother surface mean values (0.412, 0.656 μm, respectively). CAD/CAM low-speed demonstrated the best color stability (ΔE = 1.18), while 3D-printed 45° showed the highest discoloration (ΔE = 7.42). Conclusion: Fabrication method significantly affects the properties of provisional restorations. While 3D printing offers high strength, it compromises hardness, smoothness, and color stability. Conventional and CAD/CAM methods provide a better balance in clinical performance. Clinical Significance: The method used to fabricate provisional restorations significantly influences their mechanical and esthetic properties, which directly affects their clinical performance, durability, and patient satisfaction. 3D Printing (especially at a 15° build angle) yields high flexural strength, making it suitable for load-bearing areas or cases requiring strong interim restorations. However, it has lower microhardness, rougher surfaces, and poorer color stability, which may lead to faster wear, plaque accumulation, and esthetic deterioration over time. Conventional self-curing resins offer higher hardness and smoother surfaces, which are beneficial for wear resistance and patient comfort, but may lack the strength of digitally fabricated options. CAD/CAM materials, particularly those milled at low speeds, exhibit excellent color stability, making them ideal for visible anterior regions where esthetics are critical. However, their lower flexural strength could be a limitation in certain clinical situations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hussein Hayder Qasim, Mohammed A. Abdulla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate whether diode laser-assisted surgery, supplemented with low-level laser therapy (LLLT), offers superior postoperative outcomes compared to the conventional rotary bur technique. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 40 patients evenly assigned to either conventional or diode laser-assisted surgical extraction groups. Clinical parameters—including pain (VAS), swelling, and trismus—were systematically monitored on postoperative Days 1, 3, 7, and 14. Results: The conventional group had significantly lower mean pain and swelling scores at all follow-up durations. in contrast to expected benefit, patients treated with the diode laser experienced more pain and greater trismus. Conclusions: In the current clinical setup and protocols, the conventional bur rotary surgery is still the more predictable method for third molar surgery, which denotes additional research and perfectioning of the laser-based procedures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wisam Rasool Jalaawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Resulting Stresses of Using Angle-Neck Implant in the All on Four Treatment
This study aims to evaluate the biomechanical effect of using angled-neck implants in the All-on-Four treatment concept on resulting stresses, using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The All-on-Four concept is a widely used solution for the rehabilitation of completely edentulous patients with advanced alveolar resorption, allowing the placement of four strategically positioned implants without the need for systematic bone augmentation procedures. In this protocol, the anterior implants are placed axially, while the posterior implants are angled to increase the anteroposterior distance and reduce the length of the prosthetic cantilever. In this research, three-dimensional models of the atrophied maxilla and mandible were obtained from computed tomography (CT) scan data and digitally reconstructed. Two main configurations were compared: a model with posterior implants with a straight neck and a model with implants with a 30° angled neck. The implant structures, multi-unit abutments, prosthetic superstructure, and cortical and trabecular bone tissues were modeled using computer-aided design software and then analyzed by a finite element solver. An oblique load of 218 N, applied at 30° to the longitudinal axis of the tooth at the first molar, was simulated to reproduce functional occlusal conditions. The maximum and minimum principal stresses in the cortical bone, as well as the Von Mises stresses in the implants, were evaluated. The results showed that modifying the implant neck geometry significantly influences the stress distribution, particularly in the posterior peri-implant cortical bone. Angled-neck implants allowed for a more homogeneous redistribution of compressive stresses, with a reduction in localized stress peaks in certain critical areas, particularly in osseointegrated models. Thus, finite element analysis confirmed that the design of the implant neck is a determining factor in the biomechanical behavior of the All-on-Four implant system, influencing primary stability, load transmission, and potentially the clinical longevity of the rehabilitation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Najih jasim Eissa, Nafhat Almisk Amer Saleh, Hadeel Abed, Zaid Ali Alasadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association of Social Media Engagement with Short-Term Memory and Academic Performance
This study aimed to investigate the association between the level of engagement with social media, measured by daily online hours, and its impact on short-term memory, the last three years of college academic performance, and prior secondary school ministerial examination grade point average in a sample of dental students at the University of Al-Ameed, College of Dentistry in Karbala, Iraq. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 558 participants (216 males and 342 females) aged 21–24 years. They were students at the College of Dentistry/ University of Al-Ameed. They were grouped according to their daily social media engagement hours into five ascending groups: A, B, C, D, and E. Their short-term memory test (STMT) scores, academic performance (CP) scores, and prior secondary school ministerial examination grade point averages (MEGPA) were put down and statistically analyzed. A significant positive correlation was found between prior MEGPA and CP, indicating consistency in academic aptitude. Critically, a significant negative correlation was observed between the number of daily online hours (social media engagement) and MEGPA, CP, and STMT. The negative impact was intensified with increasing engagement hours, with female students exhibiting a more pronounced vulnerability. Students with lower academic performance might engage more in social media, as the present study revealed that elevated engagement with social media was associated with lower academic achievement, and this detrimental effect is more severe for female students. These findings underscore the need for digital wellness interventions and gender-aware educational policies to mitigate the potential cognitive and academic costs of excessive online engagement among college students.
Copyright (c) 2026 Basim M.H. Zwain, Salman Abdulhussain Hintau, Mohammed Hussain M. Alsharbaty, Ashraf Shubbar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Current Trends and Evidence-Based Practices in Pediatric Preventive Dentistry
This work evaluated the global impact of early childhood caries, particularly emphasizing underserved populations. Additionally, it assesses the current trends and evidence-based practices in pediatric preventive dentistry. The article presents recent clinical findings from a qualitative literature review covering the years 2015–2025, with data obtained from PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. To evaluate the findings, a comprehensive search and thematic grouping of findings has been conducted. The results demonstrated that fluoride varnishes and dental sealants are highly effective in reducing caries incidence. Furthermore, this article highlighted how new technologies, including silver diamine fluoride (SDF), AI-assisted detection, and Teledentistry, might help people get care more easily. Nonetheless, obstacles such as limited parental understanding and poor implementation of practices remain substantial challenges. The conclusion emphasises that combining evidence-based methods with better policy and family education is essential for better paediatric oral health outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sheren Sameer Yousif, Shahad Fahim Obaid, Hawraa Abdulla Spahi, Fatima Abdulkhalik Azeez, Zahraa Raad Ali, Alaa Mohammed Naeem, Hayder Radhi Radeef, Duaa Subhi Rasn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Green Tea and Chlorhexidine Mouth Rinses on Cariogenic Bacteria
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of green tea mouthwash in comparison to mouthwashes containing chlorhexidine on the clinical isolated Lactobacilli. Samples from 22-year-old University of Babylon College of Dentistry students were gathered to evaluate caries bacteria. They had been divided up, into three groups: the control group, the green tea mouthwash group, and the chlorhexidine mouthwash group. Each group consists of thirty people. The colony counts of lactobacillus were measured before and after the intervention (one and two weeks), and the data was analyzed using the ANOVA and post hoc tests. After a week of treatment, the Anova and Post Hoc Tests showed that the chlorhexidine and green tea groups of lactobacillus differed significantly, (P-value < 0.05). Nevertheless, no significant, changes (P-value >0.05) were seen between groups for lactobacillus after two weeks of treatment. Green tea mouthwash effectively reduces the salivary levels of Lactobacillus and can incorporated in dental products as an effective anticariogenic agents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dhuha Malek Hasan, Omaima Lateef Salman, Kasem Ahmed Abeas, Issam Merzah Abdullah, Zahraa Mohammed Hussein Wais https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Thermal Pattern Analysis for Detecting Subclinical Inflammation
Objective: To detect the subclinical and suspected inflammatory tissue changes on the jaws by combining infrared thermography with X-ray radiography. Materials and Methods: The study included 150 patients who were referred for panoramic X-rays. Patients selected included 72 males and 78 females, with ages ranging from 18 to 50 years. Infrared thermography (IRT) was applied in the study for screening suspected jaw inflammation. IRT findings were compared with panoramic radiography (a reference standard). After the diagnosis of periapical diseases, each participant in the study was examined thermographically by using an infra-red camera (Teledyne FLIR, Model T560), extra-oral on the face, directed at the maxilla and mandible regions. Thermograms were captured in frontal view, right view, and left view. All thermograms and panoramic radiographs (OPG) were processed and visually enhanced using Fiji ImageJ software for better thermographic and radiographic analysis. The thermographic findings were then compared with the radiographic findings (OPG x-rays). Results: The statistical analysis of infrared thermography findings showed that 20% of the cases were positive (inflammatory or suspicious), and 80% of cases were negative (normal pattern). The thermal pattern of infrared thermography showed IRT-positive cases as follows: pulpitis with apical periodontitis 13 (8.7%), acute periapical abscess 9 (6.0%), chronic periapical abscess 5 (3.3%), and suspected 3 (2%). The last three suspected cases were unspecified and considered as IRT-positive cases (inflammatory or suspicious). When IRT findings were compared with OPG findings, they showed a sensitivity of 92.6%, a specificity of 95.9%, and an accuracy of 95.3%. Analysis also showed good agreement between IRT and OPG findings (Cohen’s κ = 0.848), and disagreement was limited (FP = 5 vs FN = 2). For two modalities, analysis showed no significant difference in paired positive and negative classifications (exact McNemar test, p = 0.453). Conclusion: Thermal pattern analysis in the orofacial region can be helpful for the early detection of inflammatory or suspected diseases as a supplement to radiography for confirming positive or suspicious findings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hussein Haleem Jasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fracture Resistance of Acrylic Dental Resins After Water and Alcohol Immersion
Acrylic resins continue to be popular in denture-base and maxillofacial prosthetic applications; the clinical longevity of such resins depends upon the polymerization technique and the exposure to the environment. This in vitro experiment compared fracture resistance of four acrylic resin materials: a representative heat-cured denture-base resin (Lucitone 199), a representative self-cured acrylic resin (Jet Denture Repair Acrylic), a cold-cured orthodontic acrylic resin (Orthocryl®), and a representative 3D-printed denture-base resin (NextDent Denture 3D+). One hundred and twenty standardized bar-shaped specimens were made and each split into four parts (n = 30 per material). Each group was further divided into three immersion conditions (n = 10): distilled water for 3 days, ethanol for 3 days, and ethanol for 10 days. Fracture resistance was then tested after immersion in a universal testing machine in a three-point bending test and the maximum fracture load was measured in Newtons. One-way analysis of variance and post hoc test by Tukey were used to analyze the data at a significance level of p < 0.05. Scanning electron microscopy was also used to investigate representative fractured surfaces in order to determine the fracture morphology. There were significant differences between the tested materials (p < 0.001). The acrylic resin with the highest fracture resistance was heat-cured and the minimum was with self-cured acrylic resin. The cold-cured orthodontic resin showed moderate performance and the 3D-printed resin was better than self-cured acrylic but still worse than heat-cured acrylic. The use of alcohol as a test material had an adverse influence on the material used and the more time the material was immersed in alcohol the more it deteriorated. The mechanical results were confirmed through SEM observations which revealed better fracture-surface integrity in the heat-cured group with more pronounced voids, microcracks, or structural discontinuities in the weaker groups. In the constraints of this in vitro experiment, heat-cured acrylic resin exhibited the most desirable fracture and solvent degradation resistance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hanan Qasim Hassan, Amer Hussain Makki, Jinan Mohammed Rashad Shihab, Ahmed Mahayle Hasif https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Molar Incisor Hypomineralization with Emphasis on the Current Treatment Evidence
MIH is a common developmental defect that affects both the permanent incisors and first molars, which has significant esthetic, functional along with psychological implications. The condition has a complex etiology that includes genetic, environmental, and systemic factors, but its precise mechanisms are currently unknown. The diagnosis and treatment of MIH are made more difficult by its clinical manifestations, which include opacities, hypersensitivity, post-eruptive breakdown, and atypical restorations. As the lesion severity, patient's age and cooperation are the guide for preventive, non-invasive, and restorative therapies. Advancements including AI-assisted imaging and photobiomodulation provide encouraging opportunities for specific, individualized conservative treatment. Standardizing the treatment protocols, establishing long-term durability, and incorporating new materials into daily practice remain difficult tasks despite the emerging advancements. The clinical management of MIH with a focus on evidence is the main topic of this study.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sarah Mohammed Khammas, Rula Nabil Issa, Saja Sami Malik, Rafal Mohammed Mariush, Samara Faris Abdulazeez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Allium sativum, Zingiber officinal, Mentha pamiroalaica, and Curcuma longa on Oral Bacteria
This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial activity of Allium sativum, Zingiber officinal, Mentha pamiroalaica, Curcuma longa aqueous extracts against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria found in supragingival plaque of periodontitis patients. Thirty-five samples were collected from the supragingival plaques. Using disk diffusion and agar well diffusion methods, the antimicrobial activity of amoxicillin and aqueous extracts of Allium sativum, Zingiber officinal, Mentha pamiroalaica, Curcuma longa were examined. The antimicrobial activity of amoxicillin was compared to that of these plants. Seventeen bacterial isolates were obtained, 11 were G-negative (64.7%) and 6 were G-positive (35.3%). All bacterial isolates responded to Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Mentha pamiroalaica and Curcuma longa extracts, with inhibition zones (20 to 35 mm). In contrast, most bacterial isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, and some were responsive to amoxicillin. Allium sativum, Zingiber officinal, Mentha pamiroalaica and Curcuma longa extracts appeared to be effective in inhibiting various microorganisms and may raise the hope of being good alternatives to antibiotics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatima Malik Abood, Asmaa Sami Jawad, Furqan Mohammed Al-Asady, Sura Dakhil Jassim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Objective: This study explores the effects of nativity and language preference among Mexican Americans to identify the primary drivers of poor oral health. Materials and Methods: We analyzed adult data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2011-2020), focusing on Mexican Americans (N = 2,840). The three outcomes were irregular dentist visits, self-rated poor oral health, and a clinical measure of missing or incomplete teeth. Results: Foreign-born Mexican Americans were less likely to have irregular dental visits (OR = 0.59), but this trend reversed for Spanish speakers (OR = 1.36), who reported more irregular visits than English speakers. Spanish-speaking Mexican Americans showed worse oral health and more missing teeth, highlighting the negative impact of language barriers. Conclusion: Nativity and language preference interact to limit access to dental care. Spanish-language preference is linked to more severe oral health issues, while foreign-born status is more closely tied to irregular dental visits.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chengming Han, Nan Zhou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Optical Profilometry on Dental Materials
The goal of this study was to use a non-contact laser profilometer (NCLP) to evaluate the digitalization behavior of various dental materials. Glass slab was used to generate standardized surface features after three kinds of dental stone Type III, Type IV, and Type V high-strength dental stone and fifteen imprint ingredients were mixed according to the directions of the manufacturers. The surface roughness parameters Ra, Rq, and Rt were calculated using 20 randomly chosen transverse profiles after the NCLP analyzed a 6 × 40 mm scan region from every sample. After that, the impression materials were filled with dental stone called Silky-RockTM (Whip Mix Corp., Louisville, KY, USA), and the casts were measured for roughness in the same way. The statistical study of differences in roughness between materials was conducted using one-way ANOVA, while the comparison of impression materials to their matching stone casts was done using a paired t-test. There were statistical differences (p < 0.05) in each group (impression materials and dental stones) between the various tested materials. The dental stones had surface roughness values that varied from 0.84 to 1.08 µm, Rq values from 1.06 to 1.31 µm, and Rt values from 5.48 to 6.83 «m. From 0.73 to 4.62 µm, Rq from 0.93 to 6.19 µm, and Rt from 4.61 to 39.54 µm were the roughness values for the impression materials. Dark colored impression materials had a significantly different roughness value compared to lighter color ones (p < 0.05). The Silky-RockTM castings had roughness values ranging from 0.80 to 1.04 µm for Ra, 1.01 to 1.27 µm for Rq, and 5.01 to 6.34 µm for Rt. After replication in many impression materials, Silky-RockTM dental stone showed a statistically significant reduction in roughness change (p<0.01). Optical profilometry digitization accuracy was affected by material properties such as surface texture, translucency, and color of dental stones and impression materials.
Copyright (c) 2026 Reem Abdulrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Dental Implant Planning
AI technology have transformed implant dentistry. This article focusses on the use of AI in implant dentistry, including its impact on diagnosis, treatment planning, image analysis, and deep learning algorithms. These technologies improve implant placement precision, reduce risks, and optimise aesthetics. AI-driven data analytics enhance patient-specific treatment regimens, leading to higher success rates. AI has the potential to transform implant dentistry and bring in a more personalised and efficient approach to oral healthcare.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zainab Tariq Al-Atya, Zeena Tariq Alatiya, Rand Mohammed Falah, Maher Mohammed Jwaid, Amena R. Moujed, Noorhan Hayder Jaafer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Patient Satisfaction with Orthodontic Treatment
Objectives: To evaluate patients’ satisfaction at Baghdad University Teaching Dental Hospital and identify areas of dissatisfaction that could be improved. Materials and MethodsA questionnaire was developed based on previous audits and consists of 10 objective questions covering a wide range of topics related to the patient-orthodontist relationship, assessing access and continuity of care. This 10-item questionnaire was used to gather information about patient satisfaction regarding the patient-orthodontist relationship, access, waiting time, facilities, and continuity of care. Results: One hundred patients completed the data collection sheet; 68% were female, and 32% were male. Most patients were undergoing fixed orthodontic appliance treatment (n=75, 75%), while the remainder were using removable appliances (n=25, 25%). The audit revealed that patients’ satisfaction could be improved in two areas: ‘My orthodontist explains what he/she is going to do’ (77%) and ‘The toilets are accessible and clean’ (61%). Conclusion: An effective first-visit consultation alone is insufficient to ensure high patient satisfaction. Follow-up consultation visits are recommended to enhance retention of the information provided.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hiba M. Alkhateeb, Mohammed Hamoudi Alsunboli, Sura J. Al-Haidary, Farah Ghanim Agha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Potential Role of Parasitic Infection in Periodontal Disease
Dental plaque formation is linked to periodontal disease, a chronic, multifaceted inflammatory disorder. Microbial an imbalance has been connected to the pathophysiology and fundamental the cause of periodontal disease. Research is still being done to determine the causes of dysbiosis of microbes in the oral cavity. The structure of bacteria and how they create biofilms or microbial films on a variety of substrates, including the oral cavity, have been the subject of research. Protozoa are among the microbes found in human gingival bio films, according to recent studies. The article attempted to describe the possible role of parasite infection in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Abdul-Hassan Abbas, Saif Salahuddin Jasim, Maha Mohammed Abd Ali, Abd-Muhsin Al-Khayat, Batool Hassan Al-Ghurabi, Hind Wael Al-Alousi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dexamethasone Injection on Postoperative Complications After Impacted Lower 3rd Molar Extraction
Objective: The most common oral surgery is removing impacted lower third molars, which can be extremely painful and cause swelling to soft and bone tissue tension. Postoperative sequelae can bother patients and lower their quality of life. Thus, third-molar surgery patients need better pain management. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of submucosal injection of 4 mg/1 ml dexamethasone in reducing postoperative pain, and facial swelling after surgical removal of impacted lower wisdom teeth. Subjects and Methods: This randomized clinical study included 100 patients with impacted mandibular third molars. Five minutes after the local anaesthesia injection, they were randomly assigned to a control group and a research group of fifty patients each. The study group got a 4 mg/1 ml submucosal injection of dexamethasone five minutes after local anaesthesia, whereas the control group received normal saline. Five minutes later, impacted teeth were surgically removed. estimated daily discomfort until the 7th postoperative day, and mouth opening and edema were assessed preoperatively, on the second and seventh postoperative days. These characteristics were examined between groups along with operation time. Results: The study group demonstrated a statistically significant (p<0.05) reduction in pain scores on the first and second postoperative days and a statistically significant decrease in swelling compared to the control group at a 7-day follow-up. Conclusion: According to the findings, a submucosal injection of dexamethasone (4 milligrams) that is administered as an intraoral injection after surgery is particularly helpful in reducing postoperative pain and swelling.
Copyright (c) 2026 Luay H. Jalil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Periodontal Health
Objective: To assess the relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and periodontal health in Iraqi men. Materials and Methods: In this case–control study, 45 males aged (30-50) were involved. 25 patients considered as a case group with chronic periodontitis (stages III–IV), and 20 individuals with healthy periodontium counted as control group. Participants with systemic diseases, smoking, or vitamin D supplementation were excluded. Plaque index (PLI) and gingival index (GI) were obtained and serum 25(OH)D levels measured with Roche E411 analyzer. Vitamin D status was grouped as sufficient (≥20 ng/mL) or insufficient (<20 ng/mL, independent-samples t-tests, chi-square tests and Odds ratio (OR) were utilized for analysis. Results: PLI and GI were significantly greater in the periodontitis group (p < 0.001). Mean serum 25(OH)D level was more pronounced in the controls (15.05 ± 5.48 ng/mL) compared to periodontitis group (12.40 ± 6.70 ng/mL), but this difference was not significant (p = 0.161). Vitamin D insufficiency was frequent in both groups and more prevalent in periodontitis patients (OR = 2.67; p = 0.423). Conclusion: Serum 25(OH)D concentration showed no significant correlation with periodontal status. Larger and more varied populations are needed to clarify the relationship.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lara Kusrat Hussein, Suha Aswad Dahash, Sura Yaseen Khudhur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Post-Curing Duration on the Mechanical Performance and Surface Quality of LCD-Printed Denture Base Resin
Objective: To investigated how post-curing times of 10 minutes and 20 minutes affect the mechanical properties and surface characteristics of LCD-printed denture base resin. Materials and Methods: Ninety standardized specimens were fabricated and distributed across three experimental groups consisting of an untreated control sample and two groups that received post-curing treatments for 10 minutes and 20 minutes. The three-point bending test evaluated flexural strength through its testing procedure. Vickers microhardness testing in a microhardness indenter was used to measure hardness while digital profilometry assessed surface roughness. Results: A trend for improved mechanical properties were observed with extended post-curing time although not statistically different. Conclusion: The mechanical strength of 3D-printed denture base resins may increase with longer post-curing times, but this method prevents damage to the surface.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nooralhouda Saadallah Alhamdani, Ahmed Asim Al-Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles and Curing Techniques on the Acrylic Mechanical Properties
Objective: This study investigated the effects of gadolinium oxide (Gd₂O₃) nanoparticles on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and compared the mechanical properties of denture base resins cured via UV laser and conventional water bath techniques. Methods: Forty PMMA specimens were prepared, with half incorporating Gd₂O₃ nanoparticles. Samples were cured using one of two methods: a UV laser (150–400 nm wavelength, 10–25 minutes irradiation time) or a conventional water bath (74°C for 8 hours). The mechanical properties of all specimens were evaluated through transverse strength testing, porosity analysis, and surface roughness measurements. Results: UV laser-cured specimens exhibited significantly higher transverse strength and significantly reduced porosity compared to water bath-cured specimens. Surface roughness showed a slight, non-significant increase with laser curing. The findings suggest that UV laser curing, combined with Gd₂O₃ nanoparticles, enhances PMMA’s mechanical properties, offering a faster, more precise alternative to traditional water bath curing with potential clinical benefits in denture durability. Conclusion: The findings indicate that UV laser curing, especially when combined with Gd₂O₃ nanoparticles, enhances PMMA’s mechanical properties by improving polymerization efficiency and reducing porosity. This method offers a faster and more precise alternative to traditional water bath curing, with potential clinical benefits for denture durability and performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mithaq R. Mohammed, Abdalbseet A. Fatalla , Matheel Al-Rawas, Yanti Johari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CBCT Accuracy in Detecting Interproximal Caries with and without Amalgam Restorations
Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in detecting interproximal caries in human extracted teeth with and without amalgam restorations. Materials and Methods: This study included 200 human posterior extracted teeth. One hundred teeth had proximal amalgam restorations, and 100 were unrestored. All specimens were scanned using Planmeca ProMax 3D CBCT (FOV 8×8 cm; voxel size 0.2 mm). Caries presence was determined histologically (gold standard) and scored using ICDAS criteria. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and overall accuracy were calculated. Logistic regression assessed the influence of amalgam on diagnostic performance. Results: CBCT demonstrated lower sensitivity and specificity in teeth with amalgam compared to unrestored teeth. Beam-hardening artifacts significantly influenced diagnostic reliability (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Although CBCT shows acceptable diagnostic performance for interproximal caries detection, the presence of amalgam restorations moderately reduces accuracy. Conventional bitewing radiography should remain the primary modality when metallic restorations are present.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Hakiem Tawfieq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Minimally Invasive Approach to Periapical Granuloma
Periapical granuloma is a chronic inflammatory lesion located on the apex of the tooth, which may occur due to pulp infection or unsuccessful endodontic therapy. Apicoectomy continues to be the definitive treatment of choice, however, recurrence or incomplete healing is still problematic, especially in patients with systemic or periodontal risk factors. Adjuvant diode laser photobiomodulation (PBM) might improve wound healing, bone healing and patient satisfaction, but data are still scarce. To evaluate the relative clinical efficacy of conventional apicoectomy and apicoectomy with adjunct to improve healing, bone regeneration, patient satisfaction and complications. A prospective randomized controlled trial included 250 patients (age range: 45–66 years) referred for apicoectomy of periapical granuloma. Subjects were stratified by age, gender, socioeconomic, and residential strata, and then randomly assigned to a Laser PBM (n = 150) or Control (n = 100) group. Following surgery PBM protocol (810-980 nm, 0.3 W, 3 min every 48 h for 10 days) was applied. Outcome measurements were healing index, satisfaction, CBCT bone fill, CPITN improvement, and complications. The Laser group was associated with significantly increased HA levels of healing (4.22 ± 0.49 vs. 3.05 ± 0.50, p < 0.001), satisfaction (3.78 ± 0.40 vs. 2.59 ± 0.61, p < 0.001), and bone fill rates (94% vs. 56%, p < 0.001) compared to the conventional therapy 94%, compared with 56%, p = 0.001, as well as greater improvement in CPITN (1.7 ± 0.6 vs 1.0 ± 0.5, p = 0.003) and complications (2% vs 18%, p = 0.01). Benefits were uniform in age, sex, and socioeconomic subgroups. The use of adjunctive diode laser PBM is accompanied with the advantages of promoting healing, better patients' satisfaction, bone regeneration, and safety for the treatment of apicoectomy, regardless of patients’ profiles. Its use as part of the surgical procedure could be beneficial for outcomes in periapical surgery.
Dental Wax and Surface Hardness of Refractory Materials
The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of three different types of natural dental waxes (beeswax, palm wax, and candelilla wax) on the surface hardness of a phosphate-bonded refractory material. Twenty specimens of a phosphate-bonded investment material were made and divided randomly into four groups (n=5). Group 1 received no treatment and served as the control. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were exposed to the surface treatment by dipping in melted beeswax, palm wax, and candelilla wax, respectively. The surface hardness of all samples was measured using a Shore D hardness tester. The results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). All three dental waxes showed non-significant differences in surface hardness when compared to the control group. The highest hardness value was determined in the palm wax group (106 ± 4.9), which was significantly higher than that obtained for the other groups. Within the limitations of this experimental in-vitro study, the use of natural dental waxes can be considered as an effective surface-hardness improving technique for phosphate-bonded investment materials. Palm wax was the best enhancement agent, indicating that it could be used as a simple and inexpensive means of improving the quality of investment molds in dental laboratories.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ihab Nafea Yaseen, Nidhal Sahib Mansoor, Rasha Mohammed Zwyyer, Shurooq Falih Altaie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MIMICS-Based 3D CT Morphometrics of Mandibular Condyles
Objective: To investigate the influences of age, sex and side on dimensions of the condylar head in a three-dimensional CT DICOM image using MIMICS software. Patients and Methods: The study samples consisted of eighty individuals (40 males and 40 females) divided in two age groups (childhood and adolescence). Width and length of condylar head were measured using 3D CT DICOM images processed by MIMICS software from radiology archive in specialist radiology center in different Iraqi hospitals. Results Age represented the most remarkable influence on condylar dimensions, with a statistically significant increment from infancy to adolescence. All dimensions were significantly greater for males compared to females, especially condylar width. Age by sex interaction increased sexual dimorphism during adolescence, particularly in transverse dimension. No significant differences between right and left sides were found, indicating bilateral symmetry. Conclusion Transverse growth was more sensitive to developmental and sexually dimorphic factors, as mandibular condylar width had higher correlation coefficients with age and sex compared to condylar length. Bilateral symmetry was preserved, as no significant right–left differences were detected. The current study provides normative reference values useful in forensic identification, orthodontics and anthropological assessment for the Iraqi subadult population.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hibah Ezzat Rashid Berum, Ayman Hameed Uraibi, Haider Ali Hasan, Asmaa Sami Jawad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Palatal Depth, Anchoring Holes, and Denture Cleanser Types on Adaptation of Acrylic Denture Bases
Objective: This study examines how palatal vault depth, mechanical anchoring, processing techniques, and denture cleanser immersion affect the posterior palatal adaptation of acrylic denture bases. Materials andMethods: Forty-eight PMMA denture bases were fabricated using either compression or injection molding. They were categorized by palatal depth (shallow, medium, high) and the presence or absence of anchoring holes. Specimens were immersed in four solutions—distilled water, 1% sodium hypochlorite, 2% chlorhexidine, and Kin® effervescent tablets—for 3, 10, 30, or 60 days. Digital gap measurements were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD tests (α = 0.05). Results: Adaptation was significantly affected by palatal depth, anchoring, processing method, and immersion time (p < 0.05). Different gap distances were observed across palatal depths, with anchored specimens demonstrating better adaptation. Injection molding provided greater dimensional stability over time than compression molding. However, cleanser type did not significantly influence adaptation (p > 0.05), regardless of immersion duration. Conclusion: Posterior palatal adaptation is mainly influenced by fabrication method, mechanical anchoring, and immersion time, while cleanser type has minimal effect. Optimizing these factors can improve denture fit and longevity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Nima Ahmed Hussein , Mustafa Mahdi Jassim, Rola Waleed Abdul-Razaq, Abdalbseet A Fatalla , Matheel Al-Rawas, Mustafa Shakir Mahmood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association Studies between Dental Caries among Smokers and Cytogenetic Changes
The many constituents in cigarette smoke induce chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations, DNA strand breaks, and micronuclei, all of which lead to the carcinogenic impacts caused by cigarette smoke. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between DMFT and cytogenetic alterations (cytotoxicity and mutagenicity) in buccal mucosal cells caused by cigarette smoke in young male using a micronucleus test and the Giemsa staining method. 70 men between the ages of 30 and 35 participated in this study. Thirty-five (smokers) and thirty-five (non-smokers). Giemsa stain was utilized after the smears were collected using a cytobrush. DMFT was used to determine dental caries. Smokers and nonsmokers have significantly different micronuclei along with other abnormalities (P<0.05). The DMFT mean is not statistically significant (P>0.05). Dental caries (DMFT) and micronucleus expression are not significantly correlated with one exception of a weakly significant association between PK and DMFT. Cytogenetic evaluation of buccal cells by micronucleus assay is a good indicator to identify people who are highly susceptible to oral mutations due to the detrimental impacts of smoking. The genotoxic effects of smoking lead to increased expression of micronuclei and a lack of oral health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Umelbaneen J. Alalawy, Huda A. Yaseen, Zainab K.H. Abbas, Muqdham Mohammed Hummadi, Waleed Shallal, Aseel Niema Hafith https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Smoking and Vaping in Teenagers Regarding Periodontal Healing and Surgical Prognosis
Cigarette smoking and vaping use among adolescents are increasing worldwide. Conventional (tobacco cigarette) and e-cigarette (e-cigarette; vaping) smoking is associated with periodontal disease progression and impaired wound healing after oral or periodontal surgery. However, adolescents constitute a vulnerable subgroup due to their developing craniofacial structures, changes in hormonal status, and behavioral practices that may increase the toxicity of nicotine and other toxins. The objective of this work was to provide a summary of evidence related to the influence of adolescent smoking and vaping on periodontal healing and surgical outcomes. The basic biologic processes, clinical implications, and management considerations of this age group, who are managed in the clinical setting with or without periodontal/oral surgery, were addressed. Adolescent smokers/vapers heal less well after surgery. These effects may be minimized by including the assessment of preoperative risk, patient education, and personalized postoperative management in the everyday work of the physician. Cessation programs for adolescents and prevention programs are very important adjuncts to improving oral health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sajjad Ahmed Shakir, Omer Tareq Mohammed, Mays Maher Mustafa, Ali Abdulridha Alsaffar Mahdi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Measuring Noise Levels in Dental Clinics
Compared to other educational environment, the acoustic environment in the dental practical classes has been characterized by high dental noise levels. The presented study aims to quantify noise levels generated by the dental equipment under working settings throughout various dental clinics. A sound level meter with a microphone has been used for measuring the noise levels. The meter was positioned in the clinic at a 15cm distance from operator's ear, at the chair side instrument tray to increase noise levels that would reach a person standing close, and in the middle of the learning area. For stimulating the operator's auditory position in laboratories, a microphone was positioned 15cm from the technician's ear, and a second reading was acquired from a 2 m distance. When trimming acrylic, the acrylic trimmer (85.4 decibel (dB) at a 15cm distance) was the noisiest piece of equipment measured in this investigation. When drilling teeth in dental clinics, the turbine in the middle of the learning area made the most noise (79.1 dB). The dental equipment’s noise levels throughout cutting activities have been quite different from those during non-cutting activities. The study's noise levels were deemed to be somewhat close to the 85 dB threshold, which is the limit of hearing loss risk.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nebal Thabit Shaker, Husam Mejbel Khalaf, Nagham Bahjat Kamel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Different Bleaching Systems on Surface Roughness of Two Nano-hybrid Composite Resins
Objective: This research aimed to assess the impact of 40% hydrogen peroxide bleaching in the workplace and 16% carbamide peroxide bleaching at home on the composite's surface roughness based on Omnichroma and Evetric resin. Materials and Methods: 24-disc composite samples, each measuring 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height, were created for this in vitro experimental investigation using every kind of nano-hybrid resin composite material. All composite group's samples were randomly split into 3 subgroups (n=8). Samples in the control subgroup were kept for a week at 37°C in artificial saliva. 40% hydrogen peroxide was used to bleach in-office bleaching samples. Samples of home bleaching were be bleached by 16% carbamide peroxide. Measurements of surface roughness were made for every sample in every subgroup. Samples of control sub-group were be considered as base line data. Both parametric and non-parametric statistical analyses were performed at P≤0.05 using the SPSS software (version 25 for Windows). Results: For both studied materials, all subgroups' surface roughness levels dropped below the threshold point (Ra<0.2 μm). The Kruskal–Wallis test revealed a significant difference among the Omnichroma subgroups (p = 0.002). Additionally, the one-way ANOVA confirmed a significant difference among the Evetric subgroups (p=0.035). Conclusions: All tested subgroups of both Omnichroma and Evetric composites showed surface roughness degree below the clinically acceptable threshold (Ra < 0.2 µm). Bleaching with 40% H2O2 and 16% carbamide peroxide gels did not produce a clinically significant increase in surface roughness for either material.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibtehal Mohammed Hussein, Eman Adil Abdul Qadir, Jumana Abdulbari Abduljawad, Sarah Ihsan Salah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Interleukin-6 Levels in the Temporomandibular Joint After Injection of Chlorella vulgaris and Platelet-Rich Fibrin
Objective: To analyze IL-6 level changes following combined intra-articular injection of C. vulgaris gel 15% and I-PRF in a Cavia cobaya TMJ inflammation model, and to evaluate dose-dependent effects at gel volumes of 0.1 cc, 0.3 cc, and 0.5 cc. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five male Cavia cobaya were divided into five groups (n = 5): negative control (formalin only), positive control (I-PRF alone), and three treatment groups receiving I-PRF combined with C. vulgaris gel 15% at 0.1 cc, 0.3 cc, or 0.5 cc. Inflammation was induced by intra-articular formalin 1% injection. IL-6 was assessed by immunohistochemistry at baseline, Day 1, and Day 3 post-treatment. Data were analyzed using paired sample t-tests, independent sample t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and the Wilcoxon test. Results: Formalin injection significantly elevated IL-6 across groups. At Day 3, the I-PRF group and I-PRF + CV 0.1 cc group showed significantly lower IL-6 than control (p = 0.040). Significant within-group IL-6 reductions over time were found in the I-PRF (p = 0.012), I-PRF + CV 0.1 cc (p < 0.001), and I-PRF + CV 0.5 cc (p = 0.005) groups. The I-PRF + CV 0.1 cc group achieved the lowest Day 3 mean IL-6 value (2.17 ± 0.56). The I-PRF + CV 0.3 cc group showed no significant reductions. Conclusion: Combined I-PRF and C. vulgaris gel 15% effectively reduced IL-6 in a Cavia cobaya TMJ inflammation model. The 0.1 cc dose produced the most significant anti-inflammatory response, with a non-linear dose-response pattern suggesting an optimal therapeutic window for this combination.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Rakhmawati A., Edy Machmud, Ike Damayanti Habar, Irfan Dammar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Digital and Conventional Impression Techniques in Youthful Prosthodontics Patients
Objective: To assess time, pain, comfort, gag reflex, and breathing difficulty levels of patients undergoing digital and conventional impression techniques. Materials and Methods: Data showed differences between conventional and digital techniques preferences in all assessments with all patients preferring the digital technique over the conventional one. Results: Data showed differences between conventional and digital techniques preferences in all assessments with all patients preferring the digital technique over the conventional one. Conclusion: Digital impressions proved to be the most comfortable and preferred technique by young prosthodontic patients.
Copyright (c) 2026 Reem Ahmed Shihab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Application In Prosthodontics
Objectives: To assess current knowledge about copper oxide nanoparticles and their applications in prosthetic dental technology. Materials and Methods: On this topic, an electronic systematic review was conducted in various databases (Google Scholar research, Science Direct reports, PubMed studies, and Web of Science data), as well as a hand search of the scientific literature. From 2015 to 2022, published work was collected, analyses, and relevant articles were chosen for inclusion in this review. Copper oxide nanoparticles and their applications in prosthetic dental technology have been reported in several studies. More than 30 papers were chosen for this review based on their applicability. Results: The findings suggest that current knowledge is adequate to recommend copper oxide nanoparticles and their applications in prosthetic dental technology for routine laboratory use, with improvements in each of the current nano materials and procedures for prosthetic dental technology. Conclusion: Because of their physical and chemical properties, copper oxide nanoparticles are suitable for prosthetic restorations; however, careful processing methods, nano materials, laboratory skill, and a strict protocol for prosthetic restoration are required to improve the mechanical and physical properties.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maha Hussaein, Hawraa Khalid, Wafaa Jasem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison between Marginal Gap of Stone and Metal Dies in a CAD/CAM System
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and contrast the zirconia crown's marginal gap on stone and metal dies in a CAD/CAM system. Materials and Methods: After preparing a melamine tooth (lower six molar) with 1.5mm occlusal reduction, 1 mm axial reduction and deep shoulder finishing line to construct metal and stone die .It was scanned with a 3D laser scanner by CAD/CAM system. Melamine tooth was milled and replicated into chrome –cobalt die and stone die. Twenty samples as a total, 10 for metal die and 10 for stone die were prepared. On the master die, marginal gaps were measured at four specific locations on each surface (mesial, buccal, distal, and lingual). Using a microscope digital camera (Dino Lite) at a magnification of 110X, the direct view technique was employed, and the measurements of the marginal gap were recorded using the image J software. Results: In the metal group the highest marginal gap was recorded while the lowest marginal gap was recorded with the stone group. Conclusion: The metal group recorded a statistically significant higher marginal gap than the marginal gap that was recorded in the stone group. Stone die was more accurate when 3D scanner is used.
Copyright (c) 2026 Quasy Abdulateef Hasan, Shahrazad Fouad Karkosh, Raya Hatim Salal, Sandus I. ibrahim, Zainab Talib Kareem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Marginal Fit of Metal Copings Made by Three Fabrication Routes
Objective: The accuracy of marginal fit is essential for the longevity of metal restorations because any gap increases biological and mechanical risks. Digital fabrication methods, such as milling and 3D printing, were introduced to reduce the errors seen in conventional casting. This study compares the marginal gaps of copings made by the three techniques to identify the most accurate method within clinical limits. Materials and Methods: Thirty copings, ten per technique, were made on a standardized maxillary molar preparation. Vertical marginal gaps were measured at the buccal and lingual reference points under a stereo microscope at ×40 using image analysis software. Results: Mean marginal gap was 36.05 μm for printed Co-Cr, 45.15 μm for milled Ti, and 67.04 μm for cast Co-Cr. Differences were significant at p ≤ 0.05. Conclusion: 3D printing produced the smallest gaps, followed by milling, then casting. All means were within a commonly accepted clinical limit of 100 μm. Clinical significance, digital workflows can reduce inaccuracy and support restoration longevity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samah Khaleel Radhi Al-Gebori, Sajad Athab Hassan, Ahmed Hazim K. Al-Wtatfi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Porosity of Heat Cured Acrylic After Adding Salvador Persica
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of incorporating Salvador Persica powder at different concentrations on the porosity of heat-cure acrylic resin. Materials and Methods: An in vitro experiment was conducted using heat-cure PMMA acrylic resin specimens fabricated through a conventional water-bath polymerization technique. Specimens were divided into three groups (n = 10): control group with no additive, group 2 (heat cure + 0.5% Salvador Persica), and group 3 (heat cure + 1% Salvador persica). The additive was incorporated using a weight replacement method while maintaining a standardize powder-liquid ratio. After polymerization specimens were put in a desiccation, specimens were weighed to obtain initial dry weight (Wd), followed by immersion in distilled water for 24 hours and reweighing obtain wet weight (Ws). Results: The control group administrated the lowest mean porosity value (0.281 ± 0.0202). Increase mean values were observed in both experimental groups (0.37 ± 0.32 for 0.5% and 0.36 ± 0.047 for 1%). No statically significant difference was found between the control and 0.5% groups (p = 0.391), whereas a high significant was observed between the control and 1% groups (p = 0.0007). No significant difference was detected between the 0.5% and 1% concentrations (p = 0.924). Conclusion: Incorporation of Salvadora persica powder influenced the porosity of heat-cure acrylic resin. Low concentration (0.5%) did not significantly affect porosity, while higher concentration (1%) significantly increased water sorption, suggesting increased internal porosity. Optimization of additive concentration is therefore essential to balance potential biological benefits with material performance.
The Role of Advanced Glycation End Products in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes-Associated Periodontitis
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues and is also markedly affected by systemic conditions, especially diabetes mellitus. In diabetic patients, hyperglycemia leads to the formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products in periodontal tissues. The binding of these products with their cellular receptor activates a proinflammatory signaling cascade, increases oxidative stress, and interferes with immune regulation. These mechanisms lead to enhanced periodontal inflammation, delayed healing, and increased alveolar bone loss. This review highlights evidence of the molecular, inflammatory, and microbial actions of advanced glycation end products in the pathogenesis of diabetes-associated periodontitis and their potential application in the diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease in patients with diabetes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rafal Ali Salman, Batool Hassan Al-Ghurabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Rice Husk-Derived Silica Incorporation on Heat-Cured Acrylic Denture Bases
The present study in vitro study was designed to test the physico-mechanical properties of a heat cured PMMA-based denture base with different concentrations (5%, 7.5% and 10% by weight) of the silica microparticle obtained from rice husk (RH). Heat-cured PMMA was combined with high-purity silica microparticles (<0.5μm) recovered from RH ash. 200 specimens were prepared, with 40 specimens allocated for each test. The specimens were grouped into four categories based on their silica concentrations of 0, 5, 7.5, and 10%. A statistical analysis was performed using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significant difference (LSD) post-hoc test. Transverse strength significantly improved when the concentration of silica used was 7.5% of the RH derived silica for the best performance. There was an improvement in the wettability (lower contact angle), indicating enhanced hydrophilicity. But with increasing amount of filler, the surface hardness also obtained an equal enhancement. Surface roughness was slightly increased, however, which indicates potential for more plaque build-up unless proper polishing is performed. The surface and mechanical properties of the PMMA-based denture base were greatly improved with the RH-derived silica. The group with a silica concentration of 7.5% demonstrated optimal improvements, suggesting its potential as an effective and sustainable reinforcement for denture base materials.
Copyright (c) 2026 Husam Mohammed Saeed, Rihab Amer Kareem, Ahmed Abed Marzook https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Does Spontaneous Bone Healing Exist Following the Enucleation of a Jaw Cyst?
Objective: This study evaluated natural bone healing after cystectomy without the aid of a bone graft using clinical examination and panoramic radiographs. Materials and Methods: We recruited ten individuals who presented with cysts in their jaws. Eight females and two males, mean age 38 years old. All patients were treated by conventional enucleation technique without bone graft under local or general anaesthesia. Results: After six months, nine cases showed 50-70% spontaneous bone healing for cyst cavity size while one case showed 20% bone healing with parts of radiolucency less than half of the bony defect. Conclusion: Enucleation of bone cysts without bone grafts remains the efficient tool in the treatment of jaw cysts. Bone regeneration occurs in most cases. The postoperative complications are rare and temporary.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sabah AbdulRasool Hammodi, Elham Hazeim Abdulkareem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physical Activity, Hydration, and Oral Health in Physical Education and Sports
Objective: To examine the relationship between hydration habits, physical activity, and oral health in students’ physical education and sport (PES), focusing on water intake before, during, and after training, consumption of sugary and sports drinks, dry mouth, and use of additional oral hygiene products. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 121 students (67 males, 54 females; 18–25 years) engaged in regular physical activity. Data were collected via a 14-item structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, χ² goodness-of-fit tests, Cramer’s V, and Spearman’s rank correlation to assess the relationships between hydration, physical activity, and oral health indicators. Results: Most students reported regular physical activity, with 89.2% training ≥3 times per week and 76% training >60 minutes per session. Daily water intake exceeded four glasses for 70.2% of students, though 29.7% consumed insufficient fluids. During training, 9.9% did not drink water, and 44.6% experienced dry mouth at least occasionally. Sports and sugary drinks were consumed regularly by 16.6% and 4.1%, respectively. All students brushed their teeth at least twice daily, but only 20.7% used additional hygiene products. χ² and Cramer’s V analyses revealed statistically significant deviations from uniform responses (p < 0.01), with moderate-to-very strong patterns in hydration, training, oral hygiene, and awareness of hydration’s impact on oral health. Spearman correlations revealed that higher water intake was negatively associated with dry mouth (ρ = −0.41 to −0.48), dry mouth was positively associated with oral problems (ρ = 0.42), and consumption of sports/sugary drinks was moderately positively correlated with oral problems (ρ = 0.29–0.35). Physical activity frequency and duration were positively associated with dry mouth (ρ = 0.27–0.34), while additional oral hygiene use was negatively associated with oral problems (ρ = −0.31). Conclusion: Students PES generally maintain adequate hydration and oral hygiene habits, but certain risk behaviors persist, including inadequate fluid intake during exercise, consumption of acidic/sugary drinks, and limited use of additional hygiene products. The observed correlations underscore the link between hydration practices, physical activity, and oral health outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ratko Pavlović, Nikolina Gerdijan, Svjetlana Janković, Zhanneta Kozina, Miroslawa Cieślicka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Resorcinol on Alginate Tear Strength
The development of dental impression materials with antimicrobial efficacy is a significant biomedical research target. Alginate impression material is widely used in dental practice, and endeavours to enhance its properties remain a persistent research objective. Incorporation of antimicrobial agents into alginate can compromise alginate's mechanical properties and increase the risks of tearing, thus harmonising between these contradictory effects seems an appealing aim to study. Benzene-1,3-diol known as resorcinol was utilized to create a potentially antimicrobial alginate impression material without reducing its tear strength below acceptable levels. This study was conducted to determine the least but effective antimicrobial concentration through incorporation of resorcinol into alginate using different concentrations. The disk diffusion test to evaluate the activity against different microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans) was utilised. V-notched alginate-resorcinol samples (n=10) were fabricated from standard tear strength plastic mold and its riser with the following dimensions was used in this study ( 101.6mm, 19.5mm,2 mm, length, width and thickness, respectively) with a 90 degree v-notched region and tested using an Instron testing device with tensile action. The study showed that 2% and 2.5% resorcinol-alginate concentrations demonstrated antimicrobial activities against all the microbial species tested. Therefore, these concentrations were tested for tear strength and showed a statistically significant reduction in tear strength (0.83 &0.79 N/mm, mean) for 2% & 2.5% concentrations, respectively, in comparison to the control group (0.94 N/mm), nevertheless, these results were very close to accepted tear strength range of the modern reinforced alginate (0.8-1.2 N/mm). The incorporation of resorcinol fortified the alginate impression material against multiple microbial species and preserved the tear strength as a representative of mechanical integrity within an optimum accepted specification level.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hasanain K.A. Alalwan, Dhuha H. Mohammed, Zainab A. Azeez, Mustafa S. Tukmachi , Aseel Mohammed Al-Khafaji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reinforcement of Glass Ionomer Cement by Yttrium Oxide Nanoparticle Substitution
Objective: To determine the surface microhardness after 24 hours of maturation effect of paertial weight-based substitution of conventional GIC (glass ionomer cement) powder with Y2O3 nanoparticles. Materials and Methods: Four groups with 12 specimens per group were prepared. One control without any nanoparticle addition and GIC powder partially substituted with 1wt% Y2O3, 3 wt% Y2O3, and 5 wt% Y2O3 nanoparticles. The control and substitute groups had the same powder-liquid ratios overall. Specimens were prepared as per the manufacturer’s instriction and transported away for storage for a duration of 24 hours. Surface microhardness was carried out on all groups with the use of a Vickers microhardness tester (200 g load, 15 sec). Intergroup comparisons were done with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: An increase in microhardness dependent on concentration was observed with increasing substitutions with nanoparticles (p = 0.036). Conclusion: Regular powder of GIC partially replaced with nanoparticles of yttrium oxide produced a significant improvement of surface microhardness at 24 h. Composition with lower proportions did not produce any significance changes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zuha Ayad Jaber https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing Orthodontic Force for an Endodontically Treated Maxillary Central Incisor
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess orthodontic mechanotherapy treatment effects on the prognosis of endodontically treated teeth. Materials and Methods: Ten three-dimensional (3D) model for the four maxillary incisors and their related structure were constructed ; five of them have vital tooth property while the remining have the property for endodontically treated tooth. Five forms of tooth movements that involved through orthodontic mechanotherapy were simulated on each right central incisor: Intrusion (0.2 N), Extrusion, Rotation and, Tipping (0.6 N), and Translation (1.2 N). Results: The results show that the highest von mises stress was recorded within Translation movement for both vital and non-vital tooth within the highest value was recorded for vital teeth model (24.36 MPa). In general, in all orthodontic tooth movement for the four anterior teeth in both proposed condition the tension stress that have been recorded are higher than the compressive stress. Conclusion : Nativity and language preference interact to limit access to dental care. Spanish-When optimal force was maintained during orthodontic tooth movement, finite element study show that; for vital teeth only the Translation orthodontic tooth movement resulted in PDL compression stress higher than MTS suggesting ischemic and resorptive risks occurrence. While for non-vital teeth this risk appeared in both Rotation and Translation orthodontic tooth movement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lamiaa A. Hasan, Afrah Khazal Al Hamdany, Mohammed Najeeb Abdullah Alrawi, Emad Hazim Kasim Alhajar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Oral Mucosal Lesions in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
To determine the frequency and types of oral mucosal lesions (OMLs) amongst type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients in Al-Najaf, Iraq. A cross-sectional study was performed with 310 patients (180 females, 130 males; mean age 51.0 ± 13.3 years) diagnosed to have type 2 DM from different specialized centers between September 2024 and March 2025. Ethical approval was granted from the Ethics Committee, College of Dentistry, University of Kufa. The clinical oral examination was performed using WHO diagnostic criteria. The chi-squared test was used as a statistical method with significance set at p < 0.05. The most frequent lesion was unilateral cheilitis (41.9%), followed by leukoplakia (22.6%), aphthous ulcer (16.1%), lichen planus (9.7%), fibroma (6.5%) and oral candidiasis (3.2%). Lesion type was statistically significant associated with age (p=0.040; and sex (p=0.02) with further analysis revealing a predominance of females as well in older than 40 years patients suffering the disease more frequently. Oral mucosal lesions are common among individuals with type 2 DM in Iraq; angular cheilitis was the most common.
Copyright (c) 2026 Issa Hasan Issa, Shatha Hameed Ali, Ali Abbas Hussien, Salah M. Ibrahim, Mustafa Saleh Mohaisen, Mohammed Jaber Hussein, Yasser Haider Rasool https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of Clove Extract-Dental Flossing in Reduction of Supragingival Biofilm
Objective: Dental biofilm in interproximal locations is difficult to manage with a toothbrush. Consequently, some products, such as dental floss, may be in benefit for these specific locations, with natural ingredients that can be used as a long-term substitute for mouthwashes with chemical-based bacterial resistance. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of dental floss impregnated with clove extract versus, using a dental floss impregnated with 5% chlorhexidine gluconate in terms for reducing a supragingival biofilm. Materials and Methods: Eighty children, aged 12 to 15, from undergraduate clinics in Babylon University's Faculty of Dentistry in Iraq, were sampled for this study and split equally into four groups. Group 1 (negative control) did not use waxed floss without mouthwash; Group 2 (positive control) flossed without impregnation with mouthwash twice daily; Group 3 (positive control) flossed with chlorhexidine gluconate twice daily; and Test Group 4 (G4) used the same dental floss twice daily with clove extract impregnation. Every group was assessed in this study after two and four weeks, respectively. Using the (Quigley-Hein Index) in which was modified by Turesky et al, the presence of a biofilm was assessed to the four surfaces (mesiobuccal, distobuccal, mesiolingual, and distolingual), giving each tooth four scores. Results: Between and within groups, there was a highly significant difference (P < 0.001) at two and four weeks. In group 4, the mean dental plaque value was the lowest. Conclusion: In comparison to dental floss impregnated with chlorhexidine gluconate, and traditional waxed floss, it was determined, that the use of dental floss impregnated with clove extract produced further decreases in the supragingival biofilm on the anterior teeth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dhuha Malek Hasan, Mukhaled Louay Ali, Israa Hussein Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Children’s Oral Health Status and Their Level of Dental Fear
Children's dental fear can be effectively treated to prevent it from developing into adulthood. This cross-sectional study's objective was to appraise the children's dental fear and ascertain how it relates to dental caries. An analytical cross-sectional design was utilized in the investigation. A random sampling of 120 kids between the ages of 4 – 14 years comprising of 66 (55%) of them were boys and 54 (45%) were girls. The Children’s Fear Survey Schedule–Dental Subscale (CFSS‑DS) was applied to measure dental fear in children. Caries experience was measured as decayed, missed, and filled permanent and primary teeth (DMFT/dmft) according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Dental fear was present in 28.3% of girls ≥ 38, whereas (21.6%) of the boys had dental fear ≥ 38, Girls experienced significantly more dental fear than males (P < 0.05). In our investigation, average of CFSS-DS score was (37.20±7.12), the most frightening factor was “having the dentist give you an injection” (3.83±0.5), followed by “the dentist drilling” (3.57±0.57), “injection” (3.39±0.1) and “chocking” (3.58±0.51) and dentist (2.63±0.8). Girls experienced significantly more dental fear than boys (P < 0.05. The study demonstrated the dental anxiety prevalence in children between the ages of 4 -14 and showed a statistically significant relationship between children's age, gender, dental caries and the degree of dental anxiety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Qays Mahmoud Fahmi, Lubna Abdulelah Abdulrahman Almallah, Wurood Khairallah Al-Lehaibi, Basma Abdulbari Aziz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Wool Fiber Incorporation into RTV Maxillofacial Prosthetic Silicone Elastomers
The estimated lifespan of silicone maxillofacial prostheses under clinical use is 1.5–2 years, necessitating the fabrication of new prostheses after expiration. The most common reason for prosthesis remanufacturing is the deterioration of the mechanical properties of silicone. This study aimed to evaluate the tensile and tear resistance properties of RTV silicone used in maxillofacial prostheses after the addition of wool fibers. A specific methodology was followed in this study, which involved incorporating wool fibers (red and dark blue) as a sintering layer in VST-30 RTV silicone. Eighteen samples were equipped and splatted into two groups based on the tests performed; 40 samples per test were used. Each group was further divided equally into two subgroups: Group A (n=20), which was characterized by the absence of wool fibers (control group), and Group B (n=20), which was characterized by the presence of wool fibers. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to analyze the data and the t-test. Ultimately, a set of results was obtained. The samples containing wool fibers as filler exhibited significantly higher tear and tensile strength than those in the control group. This resulted in improved mechanical properties, specifically a substantial increase in tear and tensile strength, when wool fibers were incorporated into RTV VST-30 silicone.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salah Khalaf, Mohammed R. Abduljabbar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Radiographic Impact of Adjunctive Chlorhexidine on Early Peri-Implant Bone Remodeling
The present study aimed to determine how chlorhexidine treatment as an additional therapy affects the first radiographic results which include marginal bone level (MBL) changes and grayscale radiographic density proxy values. The research design consisted of a prospective randomized controlled clinical study which studied 48 patients through one dental implant per participant. The investigators used random assignment to place participants into either the chlorhexidine adjunct protocol group or the standard postoperative care group. The examining team took standardized periapical radiographs at both the beginning and six months after the start of the study through a paralleling technique with established exposure settings. The MBL measurement occurred through software calibration which enabled the system to measure the distance both from the mesial and distal sides while using a specific area for grayscale density proxy analysis. The research used paired and independent tests to analyze both within-group and between-group data through repeated-measures analysis which studied time–group interactions at a significance level of p < 0.05. The two groups experienced time-dependent changes in their crestal bone structure, yet the chlorhexidine group achieved better results through its lower mean MBL change and higher grayscale density proxy values than the control group (p < 0.05). Implant survival was high in both groups, with no statistically significant difference. The measurement reliability proved satisfactory through the results of calibration testing. The using chlorhexidine as an additional treatment resulted in better initial radiographic signs of peri-implant health. The present data shows a possible biological link between treatment responses and patient results, but additional present study needs to confirm these findings by tracking patients for extended periods and measuring biological indicators.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muntathar Muhsen Abusanna, Omar Abdul Jabbar Abdul Qader https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development and Validation of AI Algorithms for Dental Radiography Interpretation
This study developed and validated AI algorithms for for orthopantomogram (OPTG) interpretation, comparing accuracy with radiologists. An experimental study design was used in a dental setting for this research. A sample of 138 orthopantomogram (OPTG) were divided into two groups (AI and Human) using stratified random sampling. The performance of AI and human-AI was evaluated using confusion matrices, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and error analysis conducted in R Studio. The study analyzed 138 individuals (mean age 44.59 years) with a balanced gender distribution (50% male, 50% female) and varying severity levels (mild, moderate, severe). Diagnoses included caries, fractures (roots of teeth), and other abnormalities such as periodontal disease, traumatic lesions, and neoplasms (benign and malignant). The AI model showed better performance than the human control model in all the important markers, such as sensitivity (86.84 vs 79.41), specificity (90.32 vs 88.57), and accuracy (88.4 vs 84.1). The AI showed better results than the above parameters in the ROC curve (AUC 0.886 vs 0.84). Compared to the interpretations made by humans, AI has proven to be more accurate in its diagnostics and has a higher sensitivity and specificity rate.
Copyright (c) 2026 Olha Tatarina, Inna Dikova, Vadim Pererva, Serhii Terekhov, Andrii Proshchenko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
How Orthodontists Deal with White Spot Lesions in Patients with Fixed Appliances?
White spot lesions (WSLs) are one of the most unpleasant complications of fixed orthodontic treatment. The aim of the present study was to assess the knowledge and practice levels of Iraqi orthodontists’ professionals regarding the prevention and management of WSLs. This cross-sectional study was conducted by publishing online questionnaire among orthodontic groups. The questionnaire included four sections about the prevalence, knowledge, and the practice about the prevention and treatment of WSL. Data were analyzed by descriptive tests, and one way ANOVA, followed by pairwise comparison. Ninety-seven orthodontists participated in the study. Most participants (62.89%) had intermediate knowledge, and 65.98% recorded intermediate practice scores. 37.11% of participants showed high knowledge level, and 32.99% showed high practice level. The present study showed good knowledge and experience about white spot lesions and how to prevent and manage their occurrence during fixed orthodontic treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hayder Ali Alnasrawi, Maryam Shakir, Harraa S. Mohammed-Salih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of Different Surgical Techniques in the Management of Oroantral Fistula
Oroantral fistula (OAF) is a disease pathology of the oral cavity to the maxillary sinus, which most frequently occurs after the removal of maxillary posterior teeth. Different surgical interventions have been suggested to deal with it, though no agreement has been attained as to the most efficient method in the various clinical conditions. This experiment was to compare clinical results of various surgical methods that are available in management of oroantral fistula. A potential comparative clinical trial was done on 40 patients well balanced in four groups based on the type of surgical process applied to them, which was the buccal advancement flap, palatal rotational flap, buccal fat pad flap, and the combined use of both layers in the process of most closure. The 3-month post-operative evaluation was in terms of clinical success of closure, postoperative pain, healing time, complications, changes of the depth in the patient, and satisfaction. The outcomes demonstrated that total closure was observed in 100.0 and 100.0 percent of the cases in the buccal fat pad and combined technique group respectively, and 90.0 percent in buccal advancement and palatal flap group respectively. The buccal fat pad group showed the best postoperative pain (VAS: 4.77,9 -24 -36 days 1 and 15.97,9 -24 -36 days 7) and the least amount of time to heal (15.8,83 -24 -36 days 1 and 15.97,83 -24 -36 days 7). The buccal advancement flap exhibited the least amount of operative time (31.5 ± 3.0 minutes) and the highest amount of decrease in the depth of the vestibule (3.22 ± 0.28 mm). Palatal flap group had more postoperative pains and took more time to heal (20.1 ± 1.7 days). The buccal fat pad and combined groups showed no recurrence whilst the buccal and palatal flap groups showed recurrence in 10.0%. The patient satisfaction rate was the greatest in the group of the buccal fat pad (8.84 ± 0.23). Within the scope of this paper, the buccal fat pad flap had better overall clinical performance, whereas the combined use of the two-layer technique was very productive in more complicated cases. Consequently, the choice of the surgical method is to be individualized, with regard to defect features and clinical conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saif Mohamed Shihab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Next-Generation Complete Denture Manufacturing
This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the next-generation complete denture manufacturing systems that include the material engineering properties, printing procedures, and their effects on the mechanical properties, surface properties, and biological behaviors. An in vitro experimental study was conducted. The conventional heat-polymerized polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), CAD/CAM-milled polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and additively manufactured denture resins were used in making full dentures. The characterization of the materials was carried out with respect to mechanical (flexural strength and fracture resistance), surface (surface roughness and microscopic morphology), and physicochemical (stability) tests. Biological performance was measured by the analysis of protein adsorption as well as microbial adhesion. Statistical analysis was performed to determine significant differences between manufacturing techniques. Computer-aided design and computer-aided machining (CAD/CAM) dentures showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased flexural strength (112.7 ± 7.5 MPa) and fracture resistance (1560 ± 110 N) compared to the conventional PMMA denture. CAD/CAM fabricated dentures had significantly lower surface roughness (0.28 ± 0.05 µm) than PMMA. Furthermore, there was a decrease in protein adsorption and bacterial adhesion in CAD/CAM dentures, indicating improved biological compatibility. The next-generation complete denture manufacturing systems are improved to the conventional fabrication techniques, in terms of material properties, surface finish and biological responses. The combination of new material engineering with digital manufacturing is a new trend towards more predictable and reliable performance, better durability and potentially better clinical outcome in complete denture restoration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Farah Nabeel Mohammed Tahir AlKhayyat, Shaymaa Majid Abdulhamed, Nagham Bahjat Kamil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Minerals and Vitamins Levels in Children with Enamel Hypoplasia
Objective: The present study aimed to estimate the deficiency levels of minerals and vitamins in children with enamel hypoplasia. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 100 children (50 with and 50 without enamel hypoplasia). The samples were then analyzed. Results: The mean differences of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium levels of children with enamel hypoplasia were significantly lower (P≤0.05) than those in the control group. Similarly, the mean differences of vitamin D3, A and K2 in children with enamel hypoplasia were significantly less (P<0.01) than children in the control group. Conclusion: Enamel hypoplasia could result from deficiency in one or more of some minerals and vitamins, including calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D3, vitamin A, or vitamin K2.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mukhaled Louay Ali, Israa Hussein Ali, Shahad Zahed Al-Janabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial Saliva to Mitigate the Severity of Oral Mucositis in Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy
To examine the effectiveness of artificial saliva in mitigating chemotherapy‑induced OM severity in cancer patients. A randomized controlled trial included 62 patients undergoing chemotherapy at oncology centers. Patients were selected using simple random sampling. The intervention group used artificial saliva for 14 days after receiving instructions, while the control group received conventional care only. Data were collected using a sociodemographic and clinical data questionnaire, the WHO Oral Toxicity Scale, and the Challacombe Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations) and inferential statistics (independent t‑test) were used to examine differences between groups. A total of 62 patients (26 intervention, 36 control) completed the study. At baseline, all patients had grade 0 OM. After 14 days, 76.9% of the intervention group remained at grade 0 compared to only 11.1% of the control group. The intervention group had a significantly lower mean oral toxicity score (0.30 ± 0.6) than the control group (1.63 ± 0.93; p < 0.001). The control group showed a significant increase in oral dryness scores (p < 0.001), while the intervention group showed a significant reduction (p < 0.001). The between‑group difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Artificial saliva significantly reduces OM severity and alleviates oral dryness in chemotherapy patients. Oncology nurses should consider it as an effective adjunctive intervention.
Copyright (c) 2026 Batool Abdulkareem, Hassan Abdullah Athbi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antifungal Effect and Softness of Denture Tissue Conditioner Incorporated with Chitosan
Tissue conditioners treated oral candidiasis as a cushioning material. Adding Nystatin to the tissue conditioner was one of the treatment plans for treating such cases. Due to their biocompatibility and antimicrobial abilities, chitosan has become one of the promising materials in the treatment of fungal infections. Ninety-two samples were constructed from the tissue conditioner. They were divided into six groups: G1 tissue conditioner without additions, G2 with 3.2% Nystatin addition, G3 with chitosan addition 5%, G4 with chitosan addition 7%, G5 with Nystatin 3.2% and chitosan 5%, G6 with 3.2% Nystatin and chitosan 7%. Two tests were accomplished: the disc diffusion test for fungal inhibition capacity and the hardness test. Statistical analyses were made using ANOVA and Duncan’s test using SPSS 18. The results showed that the samples in group G6 had significantly the highest inhibition efficiency without compromising the resilience property of the tissue conditioner, the hardness test showed that the addition of Nystatin and chitosan did not affect the resilience property of the tissue conditioner, also showed that the hardness of the tissue conditioner was increased significantly after seven days. The addition of the Nystatin 3.2% and chitosan 7% demonstrated the most superior inhibition efficacy in one and seven days compared to other groups, including the control group, indicating successful sustained release of Nystatin in addition to the fortified inhibition in the presence of chitosan. The hardness test showed no effect of the added materials on the resilience of the tissue conditioner. The tissue conditioner should be replaced preferably after seven days due to its loss of resilience and intended cushioning ability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Omar A. Sheet, Abdullah J. Mohammed, Ahmad A. Saeed, Maha A. Al-Rejaboo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrating Articulating Paper and Emerging Digital Technologies
Occlusal adjustment is significant in restorative, prosthodontic, and implant dentistry, given its effects on the comfort, success, and functional longevity of both prosthodontic therapy and dental implants. The traditional methods used for occlusal adjustment analysis involved the use of articulating paper. However, it has limitations, such as the absence of quantitative information related to the distribution and timing of forces. Recent advances include the introduction of digital occlusal analysis systems, such as T-Scan and OccluSense, as well as intraoral scanners, for creating occlusal distribution maps. This article aims to present the clinical use of traditional methods, present an evaluation study for digital occlusal analysis, and provide a clinical guideline for interpreting occlusal adjustment in natural, dental, implant-supported, and TMD conditions. This article can direct clinicians on how to choose the appropriate technique according to the specific requirements for each case.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hashim Kadhim, Mohammed Hussein M. Alsharbaty, Sadeq Aadi Rahi, Moein Hoseini Shirazi, Ali Farouk Al-Taweel, Fadi A. Al Quesbi, Ashraf Shubbar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mandibular Bone Regeneration Following Maxillofacial Surgical Defects
This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate mandibular bone regeneration in veterinary rabbit models following experimentally induced maxillofacial defects using clinical and numerical healing parameters. An experimental in vivo study was conducted using 24 healthy adult rabbits randomly divided into three groups: control group, bone graft group, and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) group. Standardized mandibular bone defects measuring 5 mm in diameter were surgically created under general anesthesia. Clinical healing evaluation, inflammatory scoring, and quantitative bone regeneration measurements were recorded at 2, 4, and 8 weeks postoperatively. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated-measures ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests with significance set at p < 0.05. PRF group had significantly higher bone healing scores and better quantitative bone regeneration values than control group (p < 0.05). The healing results were also better in the bone graft group, but not as significant as in the PRF group. All groups experienced a gradual decrease in inflammatory scores during the experiment. Experimental mandibular defects created in rabbits showed successful regeneration of the bone. PRF demonstrated better regenerative effect and healing results than the traditional healing process. The quantitative clinical assessment methods were able to evaluate the progression of bone healing without a histological evaluation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saif Nabil Jawad, Hussain Falh Ali, Haydar Munir Salih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0