Dentistry 3000 is a free online dental journal
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The Rehabilitation of Severely Damaged Tooth Through Using a Customized Cast Post
Posts have been proposed to reinforce weak teeth that have undergone endodontic treatment, by transferring twisting pressures through the dentin of the tooth roots to the surrounding supporting tissue. The subsequent case studies applied an interdisciplinary approach in utilizing custom cast posts to restore severely damaged treated teeth, resulting in the complete restoration of their appearance and functionality. Ensuring a satisfactory outcome and satisfying the patient required the careful coordination of prosthetic and endodontic treatments, considering the patient's expectations and needs. Traditionally, a durable metal post and core were commonly employed over an extended duration to serve as the foundational restoration for a prosthetic crown. The cast post and core system offer the advantage of having the core seamlessly integrated with the post. The purpose of the post is to maintain the core restoration, which involves rebuilding the damaged coronal structure. This article discusses the use of cast post and core and zirconia restorations for a maxillary left premolar that has been damaged.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maher M. Jwaid, Qabas Alanni, Zainab Tariq Al-Atya, Rand Mohammed Falah, Ali Radhi Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Postoperative Pain Intensity Following the Use of Three Different Canal Preparation Systems: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the intensity of postoperative pain after Hand Protaper preparation, Wave One Gold and a HyFlex EDM instrument. Materials and Methods: Thirty patient were randomly divided into three groups. Endodontic treatment was performed for premolar and molar root canals, and they were filled with gutta-percha and an epoxy resin-based root canal sealer using a lateral condensation technique. Teeth were restored using a resin composite material. A single operator performed the treatments in a single visit for asymptomatic molars, and the patients were asked to record their pain severity during a 12, 24, 36, and 72 h follow-up period using a visual analog scale (VAS). One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison test were used for statistical comparisons. Results: Up to 12 hours, postoperative pain was significantly higher in the group treated by HyFlex EDM (p < 0.01). No differences were seen from 36 hours to 7 days. Conclusion: For all three techniques, higher pain intensity was seen at 12 hours and then the pain steadily decreased. No significant difference was noted in quality of life, suggesting the filling systems or techniques has a similar effect.
Copyright (c) 2025 Salma Issa Daheem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Different Surface Treatment on Hardness of Dental Alloys
Objectives: Investigate different surface treatments on hardness of specimens produced by CAD-CAM milling techniques and selective laser melting technique. Materials and Methods: Thirty disc-shaped specimens were put into three main groups. Each group has ten examples of Co-Cr metal that were made of different materials. There were three kinds of milling: hard, selective laser melting (3D printer), and soft. Everything was cut up into 15 mm wide pieces that were 3 mm thick so that they could be used for more tests. The last step was to finish them off and make their surfaces smooth with a diamond grinder. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to look at one example from each group and figure out how the surface of the metal frame was made. We tested how hard specimens were. We used the independent sample one-way ANOVA to determine differences. Results: Hardness tests for all test groups in the study showed that 3D printing usually gave the best hardness in the control and sandblast groups. Hard cutting gave the most hardness in the Laser group. We used One- and Two-way ANOVA and Levene's test to look at the data statistically. All the tests had p-values of 0.001, which means that the hardness values for each milling type are very different from one another. Conclusion: 3D printing generally resulted in the highest hardness values, and the control and sandblast groups hard milling showed superior hardness in the Laser group.
Copyright (c) 2025 Evan Hussain Alwan, Sara Abdulbast Turki, Zaid Ezzat Abdul Majeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Emerging Role of Viral Infection in Periodontal Disease
Periodontal disease is primarily linked to a bacterial infection, such as dental plaque, which harbors a broad microbial community and can induce numerous inflammatory responses in periodontal tissue. In numerous instances, the local bacterial incursion and host-mediated immune reactions result in severe alveolar bone resorption. While researchers mainly concentrate on identifying periodontopathogenic bacteria, recent investigations have suggested that several viruses may also play a role in the onset and advancement of periodontitis. Human viruses can induce cytokine release from both inflammatory and non-inflammatory cells, hence compromising periodontal immune protection. This review investigates the potential role of viral infection in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alaa W. Izzat, Batool Hassan Al-Ghurabi, Lina Sami Adham, Zahraa F. Shaker https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlation between a VEGF Marker and Patients with Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Objective: The aim of this work was to examine the expression of VEGF and its correlation with the grade of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Subjectss and Methods: A cohort of 17 males with mean age 47.1+/-13.15 and 13 females with mean age 38.65+/-22.15 was studied. Eight cases had high, 11 moderate, and 11 had low grade lesions based on histophatology. Fifty formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of these patients with mucoepidermoid disease were used to confirm the diagnosis in this study using sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results: VEGF was expressed in all cases. Cytoplasmic expression varied from +1 in two cases to +4 in 28 cases. VEGF was expressed at high intensity in 27 cases. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was found between the intensity and expression of VEGF, according to the chi-square test. There was a significant correlation between mucoepidermoid carcinoma and grade of cancer. Conclusion: VEGF was expressed in malignant tumors and may serve as a marker for the disease.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asmaa H. Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Thermocycling on the Physico-mechanical Properties of SLA and DLP 3D-Printed Dental Ceramics: A Comparative Study
Objective: Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is highly promising for producing nanoceramic resin dental restorations. However, the effects of environmental stressors on the structural integrity and clinical performance of these restorations require further elucidation. To investigate the effects of Stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technologies on the physical-mechanical properties of a 3D-printed resin material used in dental applications. Methods: A total of 120 resin specimens (Senertek P-Crown V2) were fabricated using SLA and DLP technologies. The microhardness, flexural strength, and surface roughness of the specimens were evaluated under control and thermocycling conditions to evaluate their long-term performance. To assess statistical significance a two independent sample t-tests (P < 0.05) were used to analysis the data. Results: SLA samples exhibited significantly higher microhardness (P = 0.001) and flexural strength than DLP samples, both in the control state and after thermocycling. After thermocycling, the microhardness of SLA samples increased, whereas that of DLP samples decreased. Surface roughness values increased significantly in both SLA and DLP samples after thermocycling, with SLA samples exhibiting higher roughness values. Conclusion: SLA-printed resin demonstrated superior microhardness and flexural strength compared to DLP-printed resin. However, its long-term durability is affected by immersion and thermocycling. This study highlights the impact of water sorption, polymerization mechanisms, and surface morphology on material performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadia H Hasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Variation in Maxillary Sinus Height and Length Among Skeletal Types I–III
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of malocclusion in skeletal class I, II, III on maxillary sinus dimensions. Materials and Methods: 30 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 30 patients were analyzed. MSH (maxillary sinus height) and MSL (maxillary sinus length) were measured using the MIMICS 19.0 software (Materialise HQ Technologielaan, Leuven, Belgium). Skeletal patterns (Angle class I-II-III) were defined. Results: The mean value of the MSH in class I was 23.27±4.01 mm for the right side and 23.03± 4.07 mm for the left side. For MSL, the values for class I were 29.20±3.26 for the right and 30.04± 3.13mm for the left. The mean value of the MSH in class II was 21.73±3.44 mm for the right and 19.61± 2.22 mm for the left. MSL in class II was 26.57±2.31 for the right and 26.96±3.41mm for the left. The average right MSH for class III was 22.90±0.62 mm, whereas the left side had a mean of 19.61±2.22 mm. Conclusion: Class I individuals exhibited the greatest MSH and MSL values bilaterally compared to Class II and III. Overall, maxillary sinus dimensions showed variation across skeletal classes, with Class II presenting the lowest averages.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maha Esam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nanohydroxyapatite and Novamin on Roughness and Discoloration Following Orthodontic Adhesive Removal
Objective: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of two types of toothpaste containing Nanohydroxyapatite and Novamin on teeth surface roughness and teeth discoloration following orthodontic brackets debonding and adhesive removal. Material and Methods: Eighty human premolars were extracted before starting orthodontic treatment and used as the samples for the current study. All samples were attached with metal brackets and then divided at random into two groups (n=40) by using toothpaste containing either Nanohydroxyapatite (Lacalut white and repair toothpaste) (LSH) and toothpaste containing Novamin (Sensodyne repair and protect) (LSN). The adhesive removal was done using a stainbuster bur system and wearing dental Loupes at a low-speed handpiece. All the colors of the teeth were first evaluated with a VITA easyshade® spectrophotometer. In addition, enamel surface roughness measurements were done using Stylus Profilometry (Surface roughness tester Time®3200). The records were done as first measurements (E1) and (R1). The second records for the teeth (E2) and (R2) were done after adhesive removal. A third record was done after the staining procedure by immersion of teeth in black tea as (E3) and (R3). Finally, the fourth measurements were carried out after brushing the teeth with Novamin toothpaste and Nanohydroxyapatite toothpaste as (E4) and (R4). Results: The outcomes were analyzed statistically via T-test (P ≤ 0.05). The results displayed a statistically considerable effect in reducing the enamel surface roughness for both groups (LSH) and (LSN), with no difference between the two groups. In addition, both groups had a statistical impact on changing the color of the teeth, with a higher effect of (LSN) group than the (LSH) group. Conclusion: Novamin and Nanohydroxyapatite toothpaste had a considerable impact in reducing enamel surface roughness. However, Novamin toothpaste showed better results than Nanohydroxyapatite in reducing enamel discoloration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayad A. Alzubaidy, Layth M.K. Nissan, Hiba M. Alkhateeb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Connection of Some Growth Parameters and Teething in Infants
Objective: Eruption of teeth can be defined as a normal physiological process of movement of the teeth through the alveolar bone and it takes its place in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to find if there was any relation between growth parameters and eruption of teeth in infants. Materials and Methods: 77 infants and their families accepted to be in this study. 11 questions were asked to their parents related to the normal growth of the children. Oral examination was done by using dental probe and mirror. Results: In this study, there was a significant delay of teething in children that had a cesarean delivery in comparison to normal delivery (P< 0.001), and a significant delay in males compared to females (P< 0.001). Conclusions: The type of delivery is associated with differences in the eruption of teeth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sulafa Khair Al-Deen Banoosh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efficacy of Intraoral and Extraoral Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) in Managing Pain and Swelling After Surgical Removal of Impacted Mandibular Third Molar
Objective: Postoperative edema and pain are common third molar surgery side effects, that normally happens with local anesthesia. The low-level laser (LLLT) method has been universally recognized as a cell bio-modulator that is employed to accomplish optimum beneficial effects. It reduces the pain reaction, stimulates local microcirculation and wound healing, and promotes a fast healing, thus enhancing the patient's quality of life. We intended to ascertain the LLLT efficacy in improving mouth opening following the impacted third molar extraction in this research. Methods: This randomized clinical trial was carried out on ninety cases who had impacted mandibular third molars in similar positions. Group A was allocated to intra-oral LLLT, Group B to extra-oral LLLT, and Group C to the control group. All participants were evenly divided into these three categories. The outcome that was assessed was the pain degree, alongside the postoperative edema and recovery at the operation site. Results: Postoperative pain and edema were calculated on 1st and 7th day. All these parameters were lower in LLLT patients (p>0.05). Conclusions: After the impacted mandibular lower wisdom tooth surgical extraction, the LLLT application was effective in mitigating postoperative complications, for instance facial edema and pain.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulhameed Salim Hameed, Hajer Ali Ahmed Hentati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Iron Overload and Serum and Saliva Ferritin Levels in Individuals with Beta Thalassemia Needing Several Blood Transfusions
Iron overload in individuals with beta thalassemia major is mostly caused by blood transfusion treatment. Since the human body lacks a method for excreting extra iron, iron overload is unavoidable in individuals with thalassemia major who require regular blood transfusions. Because exfoliative cytology is a rapid, easy, painless, and bloodless treatment, it is an attractive assessment. The main intracellular iron-storage protein, ferritin, is released in minute amounts into the body's plasma and helps to maintain iron in a soluble, non-toxic state. In the absence of inflammation, the amount of the body's total iron reserves is positively correlated with the concentration of this plasma (or serum) ferritin. When compared to blood, saliva offers major biochemical and logistical benefits, making it one of the most essential bodily fluids for diagnostic purposes. The diseases associated with iron overload are attributed to the significant increase in ferritin levels in saliva. The objectives of the study were as follows: 1. To measure the levels of iron overload in patients with beta-thalassemia major using oral exfoliative cytology with the special Perl's Prussian blue stain. 2. ELISA was used to measure the ferritin level (iron overload) in the serum and saliva of individuals with beta thalassemia major. 3. To compare the amounts of ferritin in their serum and saliva with the Prussian blue staining positivity of each individual. Smears were extracted from the buccal mucosa of thirty healthy people in the same age range (6-26 years) and sixty β-thalassemia major patients who had received at least ten transfusions. Prussian blue stain kit from Perl was used to stain smears. To estimate ferritin levels, blood and saliva samples were simultaneously obtained from the control and study group. Positivity of Prussian blue was evaluated using predetermined grading standards. 48 out of 60 thalassemic patients (80%) had Perl's positivity, which was positively correlated with ferritin levels in the saliva and serum. Patients with β-thalassemia major can have their iron overload evaluated using coloring peeled cells from the oral mucosa.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anaam Mahdi Hadi, Layla Sabri Yas, Shaimaa A. Saeed, Ali G. Al-Dulimi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Color Change After Adding Nano Aluminum Oxide to Heat-Cure Acrylic
Objective: This study investigates the effect of introducing nano-sized aluminum oxide (Al2O3) particles into heat-cure acrylic resin on color stability. Color changes are an important cosmetic element in dental materials. The purpose of this work was to examine the color change of polymethyl methacrylate reinforced by varied weight percentages wt.% of nano Al2O3 fillersmaterials on degree of conversion and polymerization of dual cure resin cement after 24 hours. Material and Methods: This study was 40 disc-shaped samples (No. 10 per group) were prepared. Group A control, Group B PMMA with Al2O3 0.5%, Group C PMMA with Al2O3 1%, Group D PMMA with Al2O3 2%. Results: The results showed that group D with AL2O3 2% had a greater mean value of color change than the control group. While group B 0.5% had the lowest mean value of color change. Conclusion: Nano-Al₂O₃ can be incorporated into heat-cure acrylic to improve material properties, but concentration is critical for maintaining color stability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wafaa Jasem, Nisreen Mahdi Saleh, Hussein Falah Hasan, Ahmed Jamal Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Rubbing and Waiting Technique of a Universal Adhesive System on Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets: A Comparative Analysis
Background: One important factor in orthodontics to consider is the bracket's bonding strength to the teeth substrate. This study's objective is to see how the rubbing and waiting approach of a universal adhesive system affects the shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index (ARI) of orthodontic brackets. Materials and Methods: This was an experimental study (in vitro). Fifty newly extracted human maxillary first premolars were divided into five groups of 10 teeth each. The universal adhesive was applied on the buccal surface with 20 seconds of rubbing followed by 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 seconds of waiting protocol according to their group. The teeth were set into blocks of acrylic resin, and the shear bond strength was tested. Afterwards, ARI was assessed. Statistical analyses were performed using the one-way analysis of variance and Tukey HSD post hoc. In addition to the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: One-way ANOVA showed significant differences (p=0.000) between the groups. The maximum shear bond strength was for group 5 (18.93 ± 2.82), with significant differences from group 1 (p= 0.000) and group 2 (p= 0.006). The minimum bond strength was for group 1 (11.09 ± 1.50), with significant differences from all the other groups. ARI scores revealed no significant differences between the groups (p= 0.406). Conclusion: By allowing for adequate solvent evaporation and monomer infiltration—both of which are essential for the clinical outcome of orthodontic treatment—extending the waiting period improves the shear bond strength. The ARI was not significantly impacted by waiting time.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahraa Mohammed Al-Fadhily, Selma Merza Hasan, Rhaf Essam Naji, Hayder Sahib Kandwh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Retrospective Evaluation of Management Strategies for Zygomatic Complex Fractures: Surgical vs. Nonsurgical Interventions
Objectives: The goal of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of surgical and nonsurgical therapies in the treatment of zygomatic complex fractures after a year. Materials and Methods: There were 100 patients with zygomatic complicated fractures in total; 50 of them underwent surgery and 50 underwent nonsurgical therapy. The one-year follow-up investigated aesthetic and practical elements, such as malar symmetry, ocular movement, occlusion, mouth opening, complications, and neurosensory impacts. Results: The findings showed that 45 of the 46 patients who received surgical intervention had appropriate face contour and malar alignment. Each patient maintained enophthalmos-free normal eye movement and posture. There was tolerable occlusion, and a 49 mm average mouth opening was achieved without pain. One patient experienced minor ectropion, and five patients developed wound infections. Persistent infraorbital neurosensory abnormalities affected 19 subjects. After a year, radiographic analysis showed that all patients had excellent facial contour and adequate fracture alignment. However, the orbital floor placements of three individuals who underwent orbital reconstruction varied. Notably, neither orbital floor problems nor zygomatic complex problems necessitated reoperations or additional modifications in any patients. Conclusions: The study concludes that nonsurgical treatments are preferable for nondisplaced fractures while surgical intervention is useful for depressed zygomatic complex fractures. For most of occurrences, an intraoral approach with firm obsession at the zygomaticomaxillary support is adequate. A second obsession technique including openness of the zygomaticofrontal intersection or sub-par orbital edge is expected for severely uprooted breaks. This inside and out assessment offers accommodating bits of knowledge into the results and treatment decisions for zygomatic confounded breaks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Rhael Ali, Azhar Abed Oudah, Basim Ali Qasim, Amran M. Al-Erjan, Qais R. Lahhob, Mustafa Mudhafar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Soft Drinks Consumption on Salivary pH Levels
Objective: The goal of current investigation was to determine the impact of some drinks on saliva pH values. Methodology: The study included 20 healthy individuals (15 females and 5 males) with different ages. Measurements after 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes of drinking Cola, Pepsi, Seven Up, Shani, and Mirinda on saliva pH were determined. Results: Very similar pH value changes happened for all drinks, with a decrease in pH within 10 minutes after drinking that return to original values after 60 minutes. Conclusion: The studied drinks cause a decrease in salivary pH that returns to original values within 60 minutes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Doaa Alghaffari, Yaseen H. Motea, Hiba Alogaidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Shear Bond Strength and SEM/EDX of Two Bioactive Bulk Fill Resin Base Composite Restorations
Objective: To compare the shear bond strength of two bioactive bulk-fill dental restorative materials to sound dentin after aging in artificial saliva and to evaluate the mode of failure and elemental analysis by SEM/EDX. Material and Methods: Forty maxillary premolars extracted due to orthodontic reasons from subjects with ages between 14 and 30 years were used in this study. The teeth were divided into two groups according to the type of composite, Predicta Bioactive or Cention Forte. Each group had samples stored or not stored in artificial saliva. Occlusal dentin of all teeth was exposed by cutting 2mm below the deepest point on the occlusal surface of each tooth's crown. Each restorative material was applied according to the corresponding manufacture instructions. The shear bond strength was measured between the composite and dentin and by using SEM-EDX to evaluate the mode of failure and element analysis. Results: The study revealed that Cention Forte, after storage, exhibited the highest shear bond strength (10.13 MPa), followed by its non-stored samples (8.38 MPa), while Predicta Bioactive showed the lowest values, especially in the non-stored samples (6.38 MPa). Conclusion: Cention Forte had stronger bonding than Predicta Bioactive.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rana Fahad Ahmed Al Azawee, Nadia Modhafer Ahmed Al Shakir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Dental and Medical Students about Hepatitis B
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate and compare hepatitis B's knowledge, attitudes, and practices among dental and medical students in Iraqi universities. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted from 1 July to 1 September 2024 among second, third, fourth, and fifth-stage medical and dental students. For survey distribution, the questionnaire consisting of four domains submitted to an internet platform (Google Forms). Undergraduate students were invited to participate in the research via a survey link published on specific groups of students in the social networking platforms Viber and WhatsApp. Results: 426 students responded to the questionnaire. There were statistically significant differences in frequency were seen (p < 0.001) regarding source of your knowledge about HBV, route of infection transition, receiving vaccination, doses of vaccine, and periodic checking of titer values of the vaccine. Frequency of answers for questions regarding immunization programs and strategies against HB infection were not statistically different. Additionally, dental students had more frequent positive responses for use of gloves, changing gloves, use of face mask, changing face masks, use of disposable gown, and use of disposable instruments for the patients positive or suspected HB virus (95.4%, 94.6%, 93.8%, 73.0%, 74.3%, and 96.3%, respectively) whereas medical students less frequently used those (67.6%, 62.7%, 59.5%, 24.9%, 47.6%, and 85.9%, respectively). Conclusion: The study revealed that although both medical and dental students were knowledgeable about HBV transmission, vaccination uptake, particularly among medical students, was inadequate.
Copyright (c) 2025 Noor Natik, Abeer Salah Salman, Athraa Ali Mahmood, Wassan Nori, Hashim Mueen Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
3D Printed Cast Is more Accurate than Conventional Stone Cast for Single Tooth Supported Fixed Prosthesis
Objective: Studying the clinical adaptation of the crown in relation to the finished line of the prepared abutment and assessing the fit and precision of single unit fixed dental prosthesis made on digitally printed positive replica casts that created by printers depending on digital intra oral scanning by using filament material of resin material were the goals of this in vitro investigation. Materials and Methods: After acquiring digital virtual casts through intraoral scanning of the prepared teeth using a 3Shape trios 4 intraoral scanners, ten digitally printed positive replica casts were created using a3D printers depending on digital intra oral scanning. The master model was created from filament material of resin material. Ten Conventional type 3Stone were used to from conventional stone cast (CS), final impression was made from dual viscosity impressions material. Every fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) was made using a Dentium 5-axis milling machine. A two-way ANOVA was conducted to characterize the whether the deference between groups was significant or not, 3D analysis software was used to superimpose the milled FDPs' intaglio surface and master model. Also post hoc analysis, and Tukey honestly significant difference test was employed. Results: The internal and marginal root mean square (RMS) values of the two groups (three dimensional printed and conventional stone cast) were significantly differed, according to a two-way ANOVA.
Copyright (c) 2025 AlNamel Hasanen Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Apical Foramen Positional Variability and Its Minimal Distance from the Anatomical Apex in Premolars
Objectives: This study aimed to determine the position of the AF in relation to the root surfaces of human permanent premolar teeth in the region using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using CBCT images of 206 patients from the Iraqi Kurdistan region. Multiplanar CBCT scans were analyzed to determine the AF position relative to the root canal surface of the premolars. The mean distance between the AF and anatomical apex was measured and compared between quadrants and sexes. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher’s chi-square and t-tests, with a significance threshold set at p = 0.05. Results: The central AF location was the most prevalent in premolars, followed by distal and mesial locations. However, the central and mesial positions were the most prevalent in the mandibular right second premolar. The mean AF-anatomic apex distance for the first premolars on the right side was 0.6205 mm. For the second premolars, the distances were 0.6205 mm in males and 0.5854 mm in females. No significant variations were observed based on the parameters outlined in the methodology. Conclusion: The apical foramen was predominantly located centrally in the premolars, followed by the distal position. To enhance the success rate of root canal therapy, a minimum of 1 mm safety margin from the anatomic apex in premolars is recommended to improve treatment outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maysaloon S. Saeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Barriers Toward Better CBCT Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice
Objective: This study attempts to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and clinical practice of Iraqi dentists toward CBCT use, referral patterns, observed challenges, and the impacts of previous training on its adoption. Material and Methods: A total of 202 Iraqi dentists participated in this study and self-administered questionnaires were distributed to them via Google Forms from 3/2/2025 to 1/4/2025. Participants included both general practitioners (GPs) and specialists regardless of their years of experience in different dental fields. Results: Dental specialists showed significantly higher referral frequency for CBCT compared with GPs (P = 0.002). However, there was no significant relationship between gender and referral frequency for CBCT (P = 0.068), also, there were no statistically significant differences were noticed in the specialists' responses in comparison to GPs about following guidelines for CBCT request (P = 0.167), having formal training on CBCT (P = 0.255), their adequacy of knowledge of CBCT (P = 0.293), and the need for CBCT training (P = 0.058). There was a significant difference in the specialist responses compared to GPs about the necessity of CBCT in daily practice (P = 0.014). While there were no significant differences between both genders and years of practice (P = 0.138, P = 0.091), respectively, regarding the necessity of CBCT. Also, no significant relationship was found between both specialties and age groups (P = 0.14, P = 0.839), respectively regarding the primary purpose of CBCT. A highly significant relationship has been found between being aspecialist versus GP and CBCT radiation dose compared to CT (P = 0.001). While no significant relationship when CBCT dose compared to orthopantomography (OPG) (P = 0.084). Conclusion: The major barrier toward better CBCT KAP was the lack of undergraduate training to CBCT imaging. Initiating a new educational initiatives program and establishing clear referral guidelines are crucial to fostering the effectiveness and ensuring the appropriate use of CBCT in dental practice across Iraq.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amaal Alnuaimy, Yasmin Mohammed, Nagham Hussein Ali, Ammar M. Sharki, Faaiz Alhamdani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Clinical Evaluation of Patient Satisfaction with Aesthetics, Retention, Function, and Comfort of Removable Complete and Partial Acrylic Dentures
Objectives: The quality of removable dentures (acrylic partial and complete) significantly affects patients’ quality of life, encompassing aspects such as aesthetics, function and the psychological well-being of individuals by restoring their smile. This study aimed to evaluate patients’ satisfaction with aesthetics, support, function, and comfort of acrylic removable partial and complete dentures and their acceptance of the procedure. Materials and Methods: A total of 146 randomly selected partially and completely edentulous patients (106 males and 40 females) with ages 30 years or more were included in this study. All participating patients (120 partially, 23 completely edentulous and 3 patients having one completely edentulous arch and another one is partially edentulous) were informed about the objectives of the study to get their acceptance in terms of esthetic, function, retention, comfort and some other matters by answering some questions (a questionnaire consists of 17 multiple choice questions, using Likert-type scale). Results: There was an acceptable level of patient's satisfaction with their constructed removable dentures, but they were more satisfied with their removable partial denture in comparison to their complete one regarding the retention of the upper denture (p=0.007), chewing ability (p=0.025), speech (p=0.005) and comfort (p=0.003). Lower denture retention (p=0.062), aesthetic patient's appearance, (p=0.122), getting ulcers after wearing the denture (p=0.125) and difficulties during denture construction visits (p=0.838) did not show the same differences. Most patients (68.49%) had been wearing dentures for more than a year. Conclusions: This study found generally positive patient experiences with both removable partial and complete dentures, with higher satisfaction observed among those with partial dentures, particularly regarding retention, chewing, speech, and comfort. These findings highlight the benefits of preserving natural teeth and the importance of individualized care, especially during the initial adjustment period, to optimize long-term denture success.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amal Qasim Ahmed, Rusul Subhi Hassan, Hussein Ali M. Hussein, Amenah Hafedh Khudhair, Nabaa Basim Alhusseini, Salah M. Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating the Citotoxicity and Antibacterial Activity of Nano Zinc-Glyde Mixture for Intracanal Irrigation
Objective: In this research, we evaluated the antibacterial efficiency and cytotoxicity of Glyde including its Zinc NPs preparations in three different ratios comparing them with the conventional Glyde. Material and Methods: Antibacterial efficiency was evaluated using inhibition zone method against three common gram-positive pathogens Enterococcus faecali, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus. Three different irrigant preparations were evaluated, GI: Glyde gel alone as a control group, GII: experimental gel (3% Zinc NPs-Glyde), GIII: (4% Zinc NPCs-Glyde gel), GIV: (5% Zinc NPCs-Glyde gel). We evaluated the cytotoxicity by the MTT test. assessing the cells’ viability as soon as possible after 24h, 48h, and 72h. After a color change assessment, spectrophotometric analysis with wavelength ranged from 190-780 nm was performed. The spectrum analysis was performed for diluted mixtures in solvent. Data were plotted and recorded for each wavelength. Kruskal–Wallis (p < 0.05) and post-hoc Bonferroni pairwise (p < 0.05) were used for statistical analysis. Results: All the groups a reduction of the three types of bacteria (p > 0.05) was seen, with inhibition zone increasing with increasing addition of zinc NPs up to 5%. For cytotoxicity, it seems that cell bioavailability remained for 24h, 48h, and declined at 72h. Data were not correlated with addition of zinc nano particles, especially within the visible light range. Conclusion: The addition of zinc nanoparticles has acceptable antibacterial properties and cytotoxic features, and Glyde gel may be used for root canal disinfection without remarkable color change.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shammaa Anees Sahib AlAnsari, Maitha Sameer Kadhim, Hayder Hamed Abed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of Adhesion of Soft-Liner between Conventional PMMA and 3D Printed Resin Denture Bases
Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tensile strength of the soft-liner (Molloplast-B®) between the denture foundation made of 3D printed resin and traditional acrylic (PMMA). Materials and Methods: In this experiment, 60 acrylic specimens in the shape of reverse dumbbells were employed. The first group consisted of 24 specimens made from traditional acrylic polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) (Vertex, Veracril, and Duradent) while the second group consisted of 24 specimens made from 3D printed resin (Dentona). The third group consisted of 12 samples that were packed at the dough stage of acrylic and soft liner at the same time. After that, the samples from the first and second groups were split in two, with one half receiving no surface treatment and the other half undergoing sandblasting. Every sample is separated into two halves with precise measurements. The thickest and thinnest sections were 80 mm in length (10 mm x 25 mm) and 8 mm x 15 mm, respectively, and were joined in the middle by the soft-liner material. The experiment's tensile strength was examined in two separate directions to ascertain the soft-liner material's strength of adhesion to the sample's chosen materials. Results: The data analysis of the tensile strength test revealed a statistically significant difference in the soft-liner adhesion strength between the 3D-printed acrylic resin with sandblast treatment (0.2133 ± 0.03939 kN/mm²) and the 3D-printed acrylic resin without surface treatment (0.1567 ± 0.04677 kN/mm²). Similar results were observed for conventional acrylic PMMA, where the sandblasted acrylic PMMA (0.0950 ± 0.03606 kN/mm²) exhibited significantly better bond strength compared to the untreated acrylic PMMA (0.0875 ± 0.02491 kN/mm²). Dough stage samples had better values complared to traditional acrylic (0.1483± 0.03689 kN/mm²). Conclusion: The results demonstrate that sandblast treatment significantly improves the soft-liner adhesion strength of both 3D-printed acrylic resin and conventional acrylic PMMA. Surface treatment enhances bond strength compared to untreated materials. These findings suggest that sandblasting is an effective method for improving adhesion in acrylic-based materials.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dawood Jadaan, Juzailah Roffie, Husniyati Roslan, Nahas P https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mechanical Characteristics of Teeth Restored with Innovative Functionally Graded Posts Made of Titanium-Hydroxyapatite-Bioactive Glass
Objectives: Novel functionally graded dental posts were fabricated, and their mechanical properties were evaluated and then compared with three different commercially dental posts. Materials and Methods: The FGDPs were fabricated by sintering various ratios of bioactive glass (BG), hydroxyapatite (HA), and titanium (Ti) at 900oC in air atmosphere. Four groups of forty maxillary central incisors were selected, and each group restored with titanium, stainless steel, fiber, or FGDPs. To analyze stress distribution and assess fracture resistance and failure mechanisms, four finite element models of teeth repaired with FGDP, fiber, titanium, and stainless-steel posts, respectively, were created. Results: The fracture resistance of teeth repaired using FGDPs was greater (mean = 550 ± 72 N) compared with those restored with titanium (mean = 505 ± 58 N), fibre (mean = 475 ± 70 N) and stainless steel (mean = 422 ± 58 N) posts. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between FGDPs and stainless-steel posts (p = 0.000). When FGDP-restored teeth contrasted with those who had fibber, titanium and stainless-steel posts were 70%, 50%, and 40 %, respectively, of restorable failures (RF), and 100% occurred in the former group. Conclusions: Comparing the FGDP and fibre models to the pothers, finite element analysis IFEA) reveled that stress was distributed more frequently throughout them. It is evident that when FGDPs made using the Ti-HA-BG technology was compared to other dental posts that are sold commercially, they functioned better as dental posts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamed Abdulmunem, Muralithran Kutty, Wan Haliza Abd Majid, Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim, Ali Dabbagh, Noor Yahya, Hadijah Abdullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Smoking on Halitosis and Oral Bacterial Infections
Objective: The present study sought to investigate the frequency of halitosis in a sample of smokers and non-smokers and the association of smoking and perceived oral bacterial infections. Material and Methods: A questionnaire was administered to 301 respondents. The structured questionnaire included demographics, oral hygiene behaviors, medical and dental history, lifestyle behaviors, awareness of halitosis and its social consequences in others. Statistical analyses were performed with chi-square tests to identify any associations of halitosis and possible risk factors. Results: Among respondents, 22.9% self-reported using tobacco products while 63.4% self-reported experiencing halitosis sometimes or frequently. Smoking, periodontal disease, dental caries, poor clinical hygiene (not brushing, not flossing or using mouthwash) and some systemic diseases were related to self-reporting halitosis (P < 0.01). Only 9.6% of respondents accessed treatment. Most respondents (86%) realized their halitosis themselves rather than it being diagnosed professionally. Conclusion: This study provides insight into the relationship between smoking and self-reported halitosis and the need for greater awareness and tailored public health initiatives.
Copyright (c) 2025 Doaa Raad Alghaffari, Mays Wael Sulaiman Al Alousi, Raya Alani, Dina Ahmed Mahdi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Selecting the Best Measuring Device to Evaluate the Dimensional Changes in Complete Denture Samples
Objectives: Evaluating the accuracy of measuring tools used to access dimensional stability of complete denture samples. Materials and Methods: Ten maxillary complete denture bases were made from heat-cure acrylic resin. Six reference points were prepared in each sample in the central incisors area, first premolars area, and first molars area. The distances between 5 different locations (3 horizontal distances and 2 anteroposterior distances) were measured using 3 different measuring tools. Each sample was measured three times using measuring microscope, sagittal cephalometric radiograph in conjunction with auto CAD soft-ware, and Vernier caliper. The results were analyzed using One-way ANOVA and post Tukey test. Results: the type of measuring tool significantly affect the measurements especially with the radiographs that showed larger values compared to the microscope and Vernier caliper (P<0.05). The latter two measuring tools were equivalent to each other (P >0.05). Conclusions: within the limitations of the present study, the measuring microscope is the best tool to be used for measuring distances as it provides the best visibility and validity. Vernier calipers is a better alternative for the microscope compare to the radiographs and computer software.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sanaa Rasheed Abd Al-Aaloosi, Ghasaq Abdullah Mohmood, Mustafa Sameer Mahmood Al-Shaikhli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Classifying Completely Edentulous Patients Using the Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index
Objectives: To use the Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index (PDI) to assess and assign fully edentulous patients to students at a dental school in Basrah, Iraq. Material and Methods: This study was conducted on 300 completely edentulous patients who were treated at the teaching outpatient dental prosthetic clinic of a dental school in Basra city, republic of Iraq during the years 2022, 2023, and 2024. Based on the complexity of the diagnostic results, the edentulous patients were divided into four groups (Class I–IV). Maxillomandibular relationship, muscle attachments in the mandibular arch, residual ridge morphology of the maxillary arch, and mandibular bone height were measured in panoramic radiographs. Results: 7.5% of patients were categorized as Class IV when using the PDI classification. Out of the various PDI criteria, 10% of the patients had Class IV mandibular bone heights of 10 mm or below, whereas 15% of the patients had Class III mandibular bone heights of 11–15 mm. Class I was assigned to 65% of the patients based on the maxillary residual ridge morphology, and 25% of the patients were categorized as Class I or II according to their Type A mandibular muscle attachment requirements. 60% of the patients had a Class I maxillomandibular relationship. Conclusion: Class I (severely impaired) patients made up the bulk of the study's subjects. For undergraduate students to handle fewer complex cases (Class I and II) and prosthodontists or specialist centers to handle more complex cases (Class IV), it is necessary to classify edentulous patients based on PDI during the initial screening phase. This will prevent the need for expensive and time-consuming complete denture remakes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Al Namel Hasanen Ali, Zainab H. Al-Naser, Majed Mohamed Refaat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sodium Fluoride Varnish versus Silver Diamine Fluoride Effectiveness to Stop Dental Decay in Primary Molars
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine how well 38% SDF and 5% NaF varnish inhibited primary molar decay. Materials and Methods: 84 children between the ages of 6 and 9 who had caries without pulpal involvement in their primary teeth were included in the randomized controlled experiment. Children were divided between two groups at random. 5% NaF varnish was applied to Group 1 (n = 42), and 38% SDF was applied to Group 2 (n = 42). In both groups, the second application was completed six months later. Children were examined for caries arrest and recalled at 6- and 12-month. Results: After 6-month intervals, the rate of caries arrest was in group 1(NaF varnish – 40.4%) while in group 2 (SDF – 66.6%) and after 12-month intervals the rate of caries arrest was (NaF varnish – 47.6%) for group 1 and (SDF- 88%) for group 2 (p<0.05). Conclusion: The SDF group was shown to have higher caries arresting potential than the NaF varnish group.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lubna Abdulelah Abdulrahman Almallah, Mohammed Qays Mahmoud Fahmi, Wurood Khairallah Al-Lehaibi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Autoclave Sterilization on Cyclic Fatigue of Nickel-Titanium Rotary Endodontic Instruments
Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of repeating sterilization in an autoclave on the cyclic fatigue resistance for three varieties of nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary endodontic systems in double curved simulated canal. Materials and Methods: During this research, three distinct varieties of nickel-titanium rotary endodontic files with a tip diameter of 0.25 millimeters and a taper of 0.06 millimeters were utilized: ProDesign Logic system, E-Flex Edge, and Endostar E3 Azure. Each type of rotary endodontic instruments (n=24) was then randomly divided into three sub-groups: non-sterilized instruments, sterilized instruments after 3 autoclave cycles, and sterilized instruments after 5 autoclave cycles. All the files from the various subgroups were examined to determine their ability to resist cyclic fatigue. Additionally, the period for fractures, the total number of cycles until failure (NCF), and the resulting fracture fragment length for every instrument were determined. SPSS software 29 was utilized for statistical comparisons (P<0.05). Results: There were no differences among sterilized as well as non-sterilized files (P>0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in fractured length between tested groups. Conclusions: The resistance to cyclic fatigue of NiTi rotary instruments was not considerably impacted by the repeated autoclave sterilization cycles.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sura Yaseen Khudhur, Ibtihal Mohammed Hussein, Ola Mohammed Abdul Kadhum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Some Properties of 3D Printed Acrylic Resin Modified by Antifungal Vitis Vinifera Oil
Objective: The aim of the study was to study the consequences of different ratio of Vitis vinifera oil on the surface hardness, surface roughness and color change of 3D printed resin material. Material and Methods: 80 samples have been intended according to ADA specification 40 samples for hardness and roughness test and 40 samples for color change test, these two groups subdivided into four groups based on Vitis vinifera oil concentration 1%, 2%, 3% and control group without adding oil (0%). For each group, 10 specimens were prepared from 3D printer acrylic resin denture base, hardness was tested by shore D tester, Roughness test was done by TR 200 portable tester and color change test by spectrophotometer. Results: The control group recorded the maximum mean value for hardness and 3% Vitis vinifera recorded the lowest value, while for roughness and color test the minimum value recorded by control and 3% Vitis vinifera oil showed the maximum value for them, for all test the differences between control and 1% were not significant, but there were significant differences with 2% and 3%. Conclusion: The addition of 1% Vitis vinifera oil (antifungal oil) showed no adverse effect in hardness, roughness and color change value of 3D printer acrylic resin in comparison to control group.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amal Abdul Latif Rashid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Curing Technique and Emax Type on the Polymerization of Dual Cure Resin Cement
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different types of curing techniques and composition of two different types of emax materials on degree of conversion and polymerization of dual cure resin cement after 24 hours. Materials and Methods: Resin cement discs (90 total) were made by polymerization through two types of Emax discs: Ivoclar IPS e.max (n=30) and GC LiSi Press (n=30). 30 samples without an Emax disc were used as controls. For each group, three subgroups according to the type of curing technique were determined: 10 samples were made by a continuous curing technique, 10 samples were made with a soft start curing technique, 10 samples were made by an intermittent curing technique. Each of 90 resin discs were evaluated with the degree of conversion test by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) after 24 hours. Results: GC LiSi Press had a higher polymerization rate than Ivoclar IPS e.max. The intermittent curing technique sub-group had the highest polymerization rate compared to the other techniques independent of the emax type. Significant differences between each type of emax and curing procedure type were found using a one-way ANOVA test (p<0.05). Conclusion: GC LiSi Press allowed for more light curing in comparison to Ivoclar IPS e.max, and the intermittent curing technique increased polymerization rate of dual cure resin cement. The degree of conversion for dual cure resin cement was directly influenced by the type of emax veneer and the curing method.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amani Abduljabar Altaie, Emad Farhan Alkhalidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ZnO Nanoparticles and Pepper Fruit Extract Effect on Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus
Objectives: To test the effect on Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dental cavities of different amounts of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and Capsicum annuum L. extract. Methods: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO, purity: 99.8%, D50: 10–30 nm) were synthesised from Skyspring Nanomaterials. Pepper fruits were procured from local markets in Babylon. The fruits were cleansed using distilled water to eliminate soil, air-dried, and subsequently pulverised using an electric grinder. The extract was produced with Soxhlet equipment. Results: The inhibition zones for S. mutans at doses of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mg/ml were 2.12, 2.27, 2.58, and 2.98 mm, respectively. The inhibitory zones for S. aureus measured 2.02, 2.2, 2.45, and 2.68 mm, respectively. Significant antibacterial activities of the pepper fruit extract were demonstrated against both S. mutans and S. aureus. The inhibition zones for S. mutans at 100, 200, 3000, and 350 mg/ml doses were 1.24, 1.46, 1.54, and 1.7 mm, respectively. The inhibitory zones for S. aureus measured 1.35, 1.56, 1.78, and 1.89 mm, respectively. Conclusion: Both pepper fruit extract and ZnO nanoparticles possess antibacterial properties. ZnO nanoparticles at a dose of 1.0 mg/ml exhibited the most substantial inhibition zone against S. mutans. In contrast, pepper fruit extract at 300 mg/ml demonstrated the most significant inhibition zone against S. aureus.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sura A. Jaber https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Modification of 3D Printed Denture Base Material by Hyaluronic Acid to Improve Healing
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of topical release of different concentrations of hyaluronic acid from 3D printed denture bases on the healing of skin wounds. Materials and Methods: Fifteen healthy adult male rabbits from New Zealand were randomly split into three groups based on how long they would be kept: 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days. We shaved the skin on the back of each rabbit and then made five cuts in it. The wounds were sutured to allow for healing. The animals were split into three groups based on their treatment type. The first group had their wounds treated with just an incision (control negative), the second group had their incisions treated with a 3D printed specimen under the skin incision without hyaluronic acid (control positive). We added 0.25% hyaluronic acid and a 3D printed denture base specimen to the third incision, and we added 0.5% hyaluronic acid and a 3D printed denture base to the fourth incision. The fifth cut was treated with 1% HA acid and a 3D printed denture base specimen. After that, the biopsies were sent for immunohistochemistry evaluation. Results: The data from the treated group showed that hyaluronic acid (HA) speeds up healing. Conclusion: HA-treated groups, particularly those administered 0.5% and 1% concentrations, demonstrated markedly accelerated and more comprehensive epithelial regeneration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mustafa Mahmood Jasim, Amnar K. Al-Noori, Ghada A. Taqa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Neuromuscular Relaxation Using Anterior Leaf Gauge to Quick Guide the Condyles in Proper Position
To confirm the centric relation (CR), the leaf gauge can be used to load the TMJ. A load test will yield a negative result for a healthy TMJ. Nonetheless, the joint or muscles may be the reason of TMJ disorders if the patient experiences pain, tension, or tenderness, particularly in the region in front of the ear or nearby. In addition, the mandible can be in a centric relationship using a leaf gauge, which is made up of several plastic leaves. The leaf gauge helps the patient retrude the mandible by positioning it between the anterior teeth. The condyles tend to be moved against their menisci by the biting force. Therefore, this review study aims to describe the importance of the leaf gauge for neuromuscular relaxation to quick guide the condyles in CR position, to assist the recording of a reproducible jaw position during prosthodontic treatment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amal Abdallah A. Abo-Elmagd https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Serum B12 and Folic Acid Level among a Sample of Iraqi Patients with Geographic Tongue
Objective: To assess the serum concentrations of vitamin B12 and folic acid in individuals suffering from geographic tongue. It also aims to investigate whether deficiencies in these hematinic nutrients are significantly linked to the occurrence of this condition. Subjects and Methods: The data for this retrospective analysis were obtained from the medical records of individuals with oral lesions who required laboratory testing for serum B12 and folic acid between October 2024 and May 2025 due to suspected anemia. 30 patients had geographic tongue who examined by oral medicine specialist at college of dentistry/university of Baghdad and 30 healthy subjects, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical analysis was performed to compare mean levels between groups and to evaluate potential correlations. Results: The average serum levels of Vitamin B12 (p < 0.001) and folic acid (p < 0.05) were significantly decreased in patients with geographic tongue compared to healthy controls. A considerable proportion of these patients had values falling below the normal reference range. These findings suggest a possible involvement of hematinic deficiencies in the underlying pathogenesis of geographic tongue. Conclusion: The study's findings indicate that deficiencies in vitamin B12 and folic acid may contribute to the development of geographic tongue. Evaluating and addressing these nutritional gaps could be beneficial in the clinical approach to managing GT, particularly in patients presenting with symptoms. Additional longitudinal research is warranted to better understand the causal relationship and the potential benefits of targeted supplementation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Noor S. Mohammed Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Citric Acid Irrigation Protocols for Bioceramic Sealers for Root Canal Retreatments
Objective: Root canals treated with bioceramic sealers that need retreatment present a clinical challenge. The presented study assessed 20% citric acid (with and without activation) in removing bioceramic sealer remnants. Material and Methods: Thirty extracted human lower premolars teeth were obturated with gutta-percha using bioceramic sealer, and have been split into three groups, each consisting of ten teeth: (1) 20% citric acid without activation, (2) 20% citric acid with ultrasonic activation, and (3) control group utilizing ProTaper Universal retreatment files exclusively. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to investigate the remaining sealer remnants at the coronal, middle and apical thirds. The percentage of the uncleaned canal areas was determined quantitatively with the use of ImageJ software. Results: One-Way ANOVA had shown a significant difference between groups (p less than 0.001). At 64.8% ± 3.1, the control group had the greatest mean residual debris. While ultrasonic activation further improved cleaning efficacy (44.0% 2.6), irrigation with citric acid greatly reduced remnants (50.8% 4.9). Applying ultrasonic activation had the biggest cleaning impact in the apical third. In the apical third, the lowest debris was observed in the activation group (41.1% ± 0.9) vs. 45.3% (citric alone) and 65.7% (control). In the middle third, respective values were 44.1%, 51.5%, and 64.1%. In the coronal third, results were 64.8%, 55.5%, and 64.5%, respectively. Conclusion: According to our results, citric acid irrigation significantly enhances the removal of bioceramic sealer remnants from root canal walls, particularly when combined with ultrasonic activation. Compared to mechanical retreatment alone, the combination of chemical irrigation and activation resulted in a greater reduction of residual material. Citric acid significantly enhances the removal of bioceramic sealer remnants, particularly in the middle and apical thirds. Ultrasonic activation further improves efficacy, with the apical third showing the most notable improvement (41.1% vs. 65.7% in control). This protocol demonstrates a clinically effective and practical approach to improving the efficiency of endodontic retreatment procedures.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mustafa Imad Saleh , Emad Farhan Alkhalidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Oral Mucosal Lesions Associated with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances
Objective: To determine the prevalence and types of oral mucosal lesions associated with fixed metal orthodontic appliances and assess their correlation with patient demographics and treatment duration. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 235 patients (aged 11-39 years) undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment was conducted in Baghdad, Iraq (September 2024-March 2025). Clinical examinations were performed by two specialists, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Results: Among 235 participants (63.4% females, 80% aged <25 years), gingivitis was most prevalent (61.3%), followed by ulcerative lesions (29.4%), white lesions (3.4%), fibroma (2.6%), infection (1.3%), and periodontitis (1.3%). Orthodontic treatment duration >1 year was significantly associated with increased lesion prevalence (p=0.002). No significant gender-based differences were observed (p>0.05). Conclusion: Fixed orthodontic appliances are associated with high prevalence of oral mucosal lesions, particularly gingivitis and ulcers. These findings emphasize the need for preventive strategies and comprehensive oral hygiene protocols in orthodontic care.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maha Mohammed Abd Ali, Omar Abdul Jabbar Abdul Qader, Ahmed M.A. Haider, Basim Mohammed Khashman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Irrigation Solutions and Activation Techniques in Endodontic Therapy
The study examined the current practices of irrigation and activation techniques used by dental professionals in Iraq, focusing on the selection and application of chemical irrigants and adjunct techniques during endodontic therapy. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 108 participants, including general dental practitioners (GDPs) and endodontic specialists. The survey aimed to capture detailed information about the choice of irrigation solutions, the duration, depth, and pressure of irrigation, and the adjunctive techniques employed, such as ultrasonic and sonic activation. The findings reveal that while sodium hypochlorite remains the most used irrigant, advanced activation methods like passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) are underutilized despite their proven benefits. Additionally, most respondents adjust their irrigation protocols depending on canal anatomy, with an emphasis on tailored approaches to achieve optimal disinfection. The study highlights the need for better training and access to modern irrigation tools to improve treatment outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Thanaa Ghani Nema, Hamsa Zaki Al-Assadi, Zaidoon Hasan Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Strontium Titanate Addition on Antifungal, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Soft-Liners
Objective: Soft denture liners are essential in prosthodontics due to their ability to cushion masticatory forces and provide comfort to patients with compromised oral tissues. Despite their clinical benefits, conventional soft liners suffer from significant limitations, including poor bond strength with the denture base, surface degradation, microbial colonization, and limited mechanical resilience. The goal was to assess improvements in shear bond strength and other related surface properties such as surface hardness, and a reduction in C. albicans adherence. Material and Methods: Strontium Titanate (SrTiO₃) nanoparticles were obtained from, and a self-cured soft denture liner was sourced from. All procedures were performed under conditions simulating intraoral temperature, following the manufacturer’s instructions. A dry-heat oven was used for sample conditioning. A total of 45 specimens were fabricated and equally allocated into three experimental groups containing 0%, 1%, and 1.5% concentrations of strontium titanate (SrTiO₃), respectively. Results: The results indicated that SrTiO₃ can play a valuable role in the development of advanced soft lining materials with enhanced durability, biocompatibility, and clinical effectiveness. Conclusion: The incorporation of Strontium Titanate (SrTiO₃) nanoparticles at concentrations of 1% and 1.5% significantly improves the mechanical properties, surface roughness, and reduction in antifungal behavior of acrylic-based soft denture liners.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zakaria Alabed, Aseel Mohammed Al-Khafaji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the Impact of Nanoparticle Additives on the Shear Bond Strength between Soft Liners and Acrylic
Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the antifungal properties of incorporating two types of nanoparticles into the denture soft lining material, and shear bond strength between the reinforced soft liner and acrylic resin. Materials and Methods: Ninety specimens were fabricated and grouped into three distinct groups named group A which is the control, group B involved cerium oxide nanoparticles infused soft liner, and group C involved zinc oxide nanoparticles infused soft liner specimens. Specimens for shear bond strength consist of two acrylic parts and one soft liner part occupying the space between the acrylic specimens. Antifungal properties were tested by counting the number of viable cells visually, and shear bond strength was tested using a universal testing machine at speed of 0.5 mm per minute. Statistical tests involved one-way ANOVA and post hoc tests at P ≤ 0.05. Results: Cerium oxide nanoparticles infused specimens revealed higher antifungal properties compared to zinc oxide infused specimens and control specimens. Also, higher shear bond strengths (0.419) followed by those infused with zinc oxide nanoparticles (0.342), while the lowest values were for the control group (0.305). Conclusions: The observed enhancements in antifungal and mechanical properties resulting from cerium oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles infusions underscore their considerable potential as effective additives for improving performance in various applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nusaiba Mustafa Muhammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Periodontal and Biochemical Correlations during Alendronate Treatment in Postmenopausal Women: A Longitudinal Study
Objective: Postmenopausal osteoporosis (OP) is a prevalent condition often treated with bisphosphonates like alendronate, which may influence periodontal health. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between clinical periodontal parameters [probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL)], biochemical markers [osteoprotegerin (OPG), and calcium (Ca)] and alendronate therapy. Methods: This case-control study was carried out on 60 females aged from 55 to 65. All participants were divided into two groups equally, group A that included healthy postmenopausal females with healthy periodontium and group B included patients with osteoporosis. Patients were followed up for one year through for three consecutive periods (0, 6, and 12 months) after receiving alendronate (ALN) treatment. Patients with osteoporosis or ALN were further subdivided equally based on gingivitis and periodontitis. Blood samples were gathered for quantitative proportions of OPG through enzyme–linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Additionally, calcium was analyzed using full automated calcium detector device. The clinical periodontal parameters (PPD, and CAL) were reported for all teeth except for third molars and kept in specifically designed case sheet documents following assortment of serum. Results: There was a significant decrease in PPD and CAL after 12 months of ALN treatment. However, there was significant increase in serum OPG and calcium level at each consecutive recall follow up in comparison to no ALN treatment. Additionally, our study revealed a positive correlation between OPG and calcium at base line in patients with osteoporosis (p<0.001). Conclusion: Probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level and osteoprotegerin and calcium serum levels improved significantly with alendronate therapy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aseel Jalil Ibrahim Al-Karawi, Hajer Ali Ahmed Hentati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Cross-Sectional Study of Environment Stress Among Undergraduate Dental Students
Objective: Stress is a prevalent issue in the field of dental education, with numerous studies highlighting its impact on students. Creating a supportive and stress-free environment is vital in dental education, not only for the well-being of students but also to minimize hazards which are frequently linked to stress. The main objective of the study was to investigate the top stressors among the clinical years’ dental students. Material and Methods: A modified "Dental Environment Stress" questionnaire-based convenient sample from fourth- and fifth-year dental students in the University of Wasit and Kut University College was collected from November 2023 to December 2023. Prior to data collection, an ethical approval was taken from the Kut University College Research Ethics Committee (KREC) and each participant provided a written informed consent. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences statistical software (SPSS version 25.0). Results: 392 students participated with a female to male ratio (2.4: 1). The "Self-efficacy Belief" domain emerged as the most impactful stressor. Fifth-year students experience higher stress related to time management and clinical requirements compared to fourth-year students. Stress levels are similar between students from private and public universities. Conclusion: The study highlights that dental education induces significant stress among students. Efforts to improve patient organization and engagement are recommended to alleviate stress among students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Huda A. Yaseen, Dhaffar Alwan Majbil, Wathba Mohammed Jabber, Reyadh R. Al-Rashidi, Umelbaneen J. Alalawy, Sarab M. Zeki Radhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Postoperative Outcomes in Gingival Re-exposure
Gingival surgical re-exposure outcomes vary significantly based on procedural technique and patient-specific factors. This study investigated how sociodemographic variables—age, gender, education level, economic status—and surgical methods (laser vs. punch bur) influence postoperative pain, healing, and satisfaction. The study aimed to identify predictors of optimal recovery to support personalized periodontal care. A cross-sectional design was employed, enrolling 60 adults aged 18–65 undergoing gingival procedures. Participants were categorized by surgical technique and sociodemographic strata. Postoperative outcomes were measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain, the Landry Healing Index for healing, and a 5-point Likert scale for satisfaction. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Results revealed that surgery type (p=0.007), education level (p=0.031), and economic status (p=0.014) significantly influenced recovery outcomes. Patients who underwent laser procedures experienced lower pain levels and higher satisfaction, while those with higher education and income demonstrated better healing and compliance. Age, gender, and residency did not show statistically significant effects. Visual analysis through Figures 4–10 confirmed the robustness of these findings, especially the consistent predictive power of surgical method. The hypothesis that sociodemographic factors influence recovery was confirmed. These findings support the integration of patient background into surgical planning. In conclusion, laser surgery should be prioritized when feasible, and tailored postoperative care should be developed for individuals with lower education or financial limitations to improve recovery outcomes and equity in care.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wisam Rasool Jalaawi, Hussam Sami Ismail https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of bone substitutes and local antibiotics in enhancing osseointegration during immediate implantation in fresh extraction sockets. Material and Methods: A total of 30 patients underwent immediate implant placement, divided into three groups: control group receiving no adjuncts, group treated with bone substitutes, and group treated with bone substitutes combined with antibiotics. After four months, success rates were assessed through implant stability quotient (ISQ) measurements. Results: The current findings indicated significantly higher success rates in the groups receiving adjunct treatments than in the control, highlighting the potential of bone substitutes and antibiotics in promoting favorable outcomes. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of personalized treatment approaches that consider patient-specific factors and the use of adjunctive therapies to optimize implant success.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Shefaa H. Alnuamy, Ihsan A. Kumail, Salam K. Rasheed, Hasan Skienhe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Potential Role of Periodontopathogens in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Periodontal disease, particularly the chronic form of periodontitis, is a widespread inflammatory condition caused by pathogenic bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. This review explores the potential role of periodontopathogens, particularly Porphyromonas gingivalis, in the development and progression of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by joint inflammation and damage. Both periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis share common inflammatory mechanisms, driven by proinflammatory cytokines and immune dysregulation. Porphyromonas gingivalis, via its pathogenic determinants, that is, gingipains and peptidyl arginine deiminase, facilitates the citrullination of proteins, leading to the generation of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, a key feature in rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis. The reciprocal relationship between periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis is further supported through evidence showing that individuals with periodontitis are at a higher risk for rheumatoid arthritis, and vice versa. Both circumstances exhibit similar inflammatory pathways, involving cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 and interleukin 6 and tissue degradation mediated by matrix metalloproteinases.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shaymaa Abdulkareem Nori, Batool Hassan Al-Ghurabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Treatment of Non Syndromic Hypodontia Associated with Generalized Microdontia with Fiber Reinforced Resin Composite Bridges
Genetic and environmental factors are the causes of dental anomalies during tooth morphogenesis. Microdontia may appear as three types: single tooth, multiple teeth in both jaws, and true generalized microdontia (TGM), in which all teeth are smaller. Congenitally missing teeth is referred as hypodontia. This condition might be combined with specific syndromes. This paper proposes that generalized microdontia, without any apparent systemic association, can be treated by direct composite restorations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Atoosa Nobakht, Sara Nabizadeh, Ladan Ranjbar Omrani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Sinalized Silicon Carbide Nanoparticles on the Physical Characteristics of a Heat-Cured Acrylic Soft Liner
Objective: The purpose of this research was to examine how adding salinized silicon carbide Np to the soft denture lining material affected its thermal conductivity, water sorption, and solubility. Material and Methods: Silicon carbide NPs were added to the heat-cured soft lining material at quantities of 0.4%, and 0.6% by weight. The sixty specimens have been generated in compliance with the prescribed tests. Results: When compared to control specimens, soft lining material with 0.6% and 0.4% wt. sic NP had a highly significant decrease in solubility, a non-significant increase in thermal conductivity, and a non-significant decrease in water absorption. Conclusion: The addition of silicon carbide nanoparticles into heat cured acrylic denture soft liner material improved thermal conductivity and decrease water sorption and solubility.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zeena Majid Abdul Amir, Ghasak Husham Jani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Salivary Interleukin 6 and MicroRNA 146a in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis and Their Association with Periodontal Parameters
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate of the role of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and microRNA 146a (miRNA 146a) in chronic periodontitis (CPD). Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional case control study was conducted at the Diyala province-Iraq. A total of 40 CPD patients were included. They were 20 males and 20 females, and their age range was 23-56 years. The clinical periodontal parameters were measured under supervision of specialized dentists. Furthermore, 40 apparently healthy individuals, 21 were males and 19 were female, were included as controls. Their age range was 20-50 years. All participants were requested to complete a questionnaire that contained medical and socio-demographic data. The salivary IL-6 was determined using qELISA (INOVA Biotech Co., LTD, China). The salivary miRNA 146a was detected using qPCR (TransGen biotech, China). Statistical analyses were done using SPSS version 22 (Inc., Chicago, Illinois, United States), and P-values ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The mean age ± SD of patients was not different than that of controls (38.85 ± 5.30 Vs 40.52 ± 6.69, P=0.2). The gender was also not different (P=0.8). The mean ± SD PI of CPD patients was significantly higher (1.27± 0.34 Vs 0.60 ± 0.26, P=0.01). Similarly, the mean ± SD of GI was also significantly higher in CPD patients (1.49 ± 0.42 Vs 0.24 ± 0.14, P= 0.01). The rate of BOP sites in CPD patients was significantly higher than that of controls (P=0.001). Also, the mean ± SD of PPD in CPD patients was 4.66 ± 0.50 mm, while the mean ± SD of CAL was 4.90 ± 1.30. Additionally, the mean No.± SD of teeth in CPD patients was significantly lower (24.72± 3.77 Vs 27.62± 0.80, P=0.01). Furthermore, the mean No. ± SD of sites in CPD patients was also significantly lower (98.95± 15.08 Vs 110.50 ± 3.22, P 0.01). The mean concentration ± SD of salivary IL-6 was not higher in CPD patients (8.17 ± 3.79 Vs 7.45± 1.51, P= 0.4). qPCR results found that there was significantly higher expression of miRNA-146a in CPD patients versus that of the controls (1.79 ± 0.10 Vs 1.08± 0.10, P=0.001). Conclusion: The current results concluded that both IL-6 and miRNA 146a were elevated in CPD patients and closely correlated with periodontal parameters suggesting that these biomarkers can be used as a surrogate diagnostic and prognostic indicator of chronic periodontitis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suha Khaleel Ibrahim, Ghada Bouslama, Lamia Oualha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efficacy of Two Diode Laser Wavelenghts in the Management of Masticatory Disorders and Myofascial Pain
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of photobiomodulation on restricted mouth opening and pain relief in painful temporomandibular patients by using two wavelengths of diode laser. Material and Methods: In this study, thirty-six participants—ages 18 to 45 yeas—who suffered from restricted mouth opening, pain in the temporomandibular joint area and tenderness in the temporal and masseter muscles were divided into two groups: Group A (n = 15) received 980 nm laser therapy, and Group B (n = 15) received 635 nm laser therapy. Six participants were excluded. Over the course of two weeks, each group had six therapy sessions. The maximal mouth opening was measured by digital caliper and the pain severity was evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale. The mouth opening and pain scale of the groups were then evaluated statistically using Multiple Wilcoxon sign rank adjusted by Dunn-Bonferroni method, and Tukey’s HSD tests. The significance level was set to 0.05. Results: The outcomes demonstrated that there were notable improvements in mouth opening and discomfort reductions in both groups. The 980 nm treatment displayed a consistent reduction from baseline, with statistically significant differences between all-time points. The 635 nm treatment showed a more pronounced reduction, especially between baseline and six weeks or one month, but no significant difference between six weeks and one month. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the significant impact of the therapeutic efficacy of diode laser wavelengths on the management of masticatory disorders and myofascial pain.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anes Adnan Alshamaa, Hani Mohammed Al-Kufi, Anmar Sadaa Al-Halbosi, Sohaib Mohammed Awad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analyzing the Effects of Polident and Thyme Extract Oil on Denture Base
Objective: Dentures are the most common remedy for edentulous human population. Natural products and essential oils provide promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of oral infections. The increasing understanding of the diverse applications of natural resources has made them a favored substitute for manufactured materials. therefore, the goal of this study was to find out how different immersion solutions [thyme oil, Polident denture clean] changed the roughness, hardness, and transverse strength of 3D-printed PMMA denture base. Materials and Methods: The current study produced ninety 3D-printed resin samples, each measuring [65mm ×10mm×2.5mm] and classified them into three groups including 30 samples, each group were submerged into three groups depending on immersion solutions [control, thyme essential oil, and Polident denture cleaner] for a duration of 15 days. After that the samples were tested for surface roughness, hardness, and transverse strength. Results: The Polident immersion group had the highest surface roughness values followed by thyme essential oil, whereas the control group was demonstrated the lowest mean values. Likewise, the surface hardness test findings demonstrated that the Polident immersion group exhibited the greatest mean values, while the thyme immersion group had the lowest mean values but statistically was not significant. Furthermore, the transverse strength test indicated the lowest average transverse strength for the thyme essential oil group. Conclusion: Thyme essential oil as a denture cleaner better preserves surface roughness but has a lesser influence on the hardness and transverse strength of the 3D Print denture base compared to Polident denture cleanser.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hawraa Khalid Aziz, Maha Kareem Jabbar, Najwah Yousuf Hameed, Sara Abdulbasit Turki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Smartphone Application Reminder on Improving Oral Hygiene
Objective: To study the effect of smartphone application reminder on improving oral hygiene among male students from University of Kufa. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, 120 students age ranging from 18 to 24 years were separated into two groups. All participants received a clinical examination and a questionnaire. After receiving typical oral hygiene instructions, participants in the study group were instructed to utilize the Brush DJ smartphone application and were compared to participants in the other group who got conventional oral hygiene instructions. Note that the two groups received same toothbrushes and toothpastes. The measurement of plaque and gingival index was done on three visits. Results: Independent of the group, participants improved from the first to the third measurements for both plaque and gingival index. Conclusion: Smartphone applications might significantly improve the oral hygiene compliance of students, by acting as reminders and motivators.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Hadi Fahad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Surface Roughness of Heat Cured PMMA after Immersion in Artificial Saliva and Different Solutions
Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the surface roughness of heat-cured acrylic resin after immersion in artificial saliva and different solutions. Materials and Methods: 70-disc shaped specimens 10mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness were prepared from heat-cured acrylic resin. Then, divided into 2 groups. First group consist of 4 groups as follow: (control) immersion in distilled water, immersion in Zamzam water, immersion in diluted thyme oil and immersion in mouth wash (Listerine ®) with 10 samples each. The samples were immersed in their respective solution for 8 h per day during one month. The second group consist of 3 groups as follow distilled water, artificial saliva normal and acidic with 10 samples each. The samples kept in artificial saliva for 16h per day during one month. Profilometer was used to evaluate the surface roughness(µm). For analyzing statistically, the obtained data, one-way ANOVA and LSD test were used. P-value<0.05 was considered significant. Results: All solutions showed no statistically significant difference on surface roughness of specimens at 8h and 16h for one month. However, the Zamzam water group showed positively significant difference when immerse 8h for one month. Conclusion: The six solutions used in this study none produced increased in surface roughness compared to control group for two times of immersion Never the less, the best result as denture cleanser was obtained in Zamzam water which was showed the less value in surface roughness (µm).
Copyright (c) 2025 Shurooq Falih Altaie, Nihad H. Alfuraiji, Rasha Mohammed Zwyyer, Enas Shihab Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Molecular Detection of Tetracycline-Resistant Streptococcus viridans Bacteria Using the rpoA Gene
Objective: The aim of this study was to established diagnostic approaches to dental caries using polymerase chain reaction technology. Methods: PCR series. 60 samples of oral bacteria were collected between 8/6/2023 and 12/1/2023, where 27 teeth showed a growth rate for bacterial culture (45%). The bacterial isolates under study were characterized. The sensitivity of the bacterial isolates of Streptococcus viridans under study to eight antibiotics was tested. The results of the current study showed that the resistance rates were as follows: 71.4% for tetracycline, 57% for augmentin, 57% for ciprofloxacin, 28% for clindamycin, 57% for erythromycin, 57% for doxycycline, and 28% for doxycycline for clarithromycin. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the bacterial isolates under study was determined for the tetracycline antibiotic. S. viridansisolates showed resistance to this antibiotic through a sensitivity test using the disk method, as the MIC value. for the isolates ranged from (1024-8) micrograms/m l. The percentage of S. viridans isolates producing virulence factors was as follows: protease enzyme 42%, and membrane protease. Bioactive 71%, bacteriocin 14%, hemolycin 57%, DNAase 71%, capsule 28%, and lipase 28%. Conclusion: The total DNA of all bacterial isolates under study was extracted, after which a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for the S. viridans resistant to tetracycline and with an MIC value higher than 64 µg/ml using specialized primers targeting the specific sequence of the tetM gene with a size of 1,862bp. When the amplified products were migrated on an agarose gel, one band appeared in all tracks in the gel at the same level for all samples. The results showed that the presence of the tetM gene was 100%.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aseel Jalil Ibrahim Al-Karawi, Abdulhameed Salim Hameed, Sally Talib Da'aj, Hadeel J. Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Surgical Extrusion as an Alternative to Extraction in Non-Restorable Teeth
Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and long-term prognosis of surgical extrusion compared to conventional extraction methods. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. The search strategy included databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, covering literature from January 2000 to October 2023. Eligibility criteria encompassed studies that evaluated surgical extrusion techniques for non-restorable teeth, including randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case series. Exclusion criteria involved studies lacking relevant outcome data or those focused solely on extraction without comparative analysis. Data extraction involved standardized forms to capture study characteristics, outcomes, and follow-up data, with a qualitative synthesis of findings. Results: The review included 35 studies, comprising 12 randomized controlled trials and 23 cohort studies, with a total of 1,200 patients. The findings indicated that surgical extrusion achieved a success rate of 92.3% in maintaining tooth retention and periodontal health, significantly higher than the 85% success rate associated with traditional extraction. Notable trends included reduced postoperative complications, such as root resorption (9.8%) and ankylosis (0%), highlighting the advantages of surgical extrusion in preserving alveolar bone and soft tissue architecture. Gaps identified in the literature included a need for standardized protocols and long-term follow-up studies. Conclusion: Surgical extrusion is a biologically respectful alternative to extraction for managing non-restorable teeth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Areej AbdulGhafour Abdulhafidh, Mais R. Kadhim, Ruaa Fadhil Dhulfiqar, Safa Muneer Abdulsattar, Tuqa J. Ebrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship between Soft Drink Consumption and Salivary pH
Objective: To evaluate the association between soft drink consumption, salivary pH changes, and self-reported oral health in a diverse population. Material and Methods: 1,471 participants were recruited from urban and rural communities. A structured questionnaire was utilized to collect demographic, beverage consumption, oral hygiene, and perceived oral health data. Salivary pH was assessed at baseline and at multiple time points (0 to 60 minutes) after consumption of five popular soft drinks (Pepsi, Coca-Cola, Seven Up, Mirinda, and Shani) using a calibrated digital pH device. Data were entered into SPSS and statistical analysis was performed using chi-square and the LSD tests. Results: Most participants were young adults aged 26–35 years (32.5%) and were female (90.4%). Pepsi was the most frequently consumed soft drink (35.5%), and 35.4% reported daily intake. All soft drinks tested caused a statistically significant decrease in salivary pH immediately following consumption, with minimum values achieved within 10 minutes after consumption. The minimum pH values for all the soft drink tested ranged between 5.12–5.21 and returned to near baseline values at 60 minutes. Thirty-one percent of survey respondents reported caries, and 21.2% reported staining or calcifications. Despite 94.4% of respondents reporting brushing their teeth regularly, regular consumption of a soft drink remains high. Conclusion: There is a strong effect of soft drink consumption on salivary pH, creating relevant conditions for enamel demineralization and caries formation. High-frequency intake of acidic beverages is still a substantially high-risk factor for caries, regardless of a good level of oral hygiene behavior. Public health interventions for promoting educational public health strategies targeting youth about important issues related to soft drink consumption should work to significantly reduce consumption of soft drinks and promote healthier alternatives.
Copyright (c) 2025 Noah Najim Osman, Hozan Ahmed Abdulkhalik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Different Symptoms Associated with Temporomandibular Joint Complaints
Objective: To determine the frequency of symptoms of patients who have TMJ discomfort. Materials and Methods: An electronic questionnaire in the Google platform and distributed to people with temporomandibular joint disease. Results: 420 responses were obtained. 312 people indicated they were tense or nervous and 219 people answered they had headache, and 207 indicated having a problem in the joints. 183 people answered they heard noises in their TMJ while chewing or opening their mouth. 78 patients followed up their symptoms for further investigation and treatment. Conclusion: A high frequency of individuals experiences TMD symptoms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Natheer Ayed Jassem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni Leaves Extract against Streptococcus sanguis (A Primary Inhabitant of Dental Plaque): In Vitro Study
Objective: Dental plaque is considered the primary causative agent in developing periodontal diseases. Early colonizers of dental plaque, such as Streptococcus sanguis (S.sanguis), are crucial in the succession steps of biofilm formation. As an alternative to the commonly used chlorohexidine (CHX), it is of interest to find naturally occurring antimicrobial substances from plants. Materials and Methods: Volunteers were asked to provide plaque samples. Microscopic examination, gram stain, optochin test, catalase test and polymerase chain reaction were used to ensure the identification of S. sanguis. Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni leaves extracted by 70% ethanol alcohol. Four experiments have been done in this study: the susceptibility of S. sanguis to stevia extract, the minimum inhibitory (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal (MBC) concentrations, and exploration of the extract effective constituents by using HPLC. Results: Stevia extract had good antibacterial activity with varying inhibition zone diameters that were concentration dependent, but 0.2% CHX showed better activity with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Both MIC and MBC were at 16 mg/ml. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of antibacterial constituents: narigenin 25.76 ppm, catechin 30.25 ppm, coumarin 25.47 ppm, and kaempferol 4.59 ppm. Conclusions: The antimicrobial activity of the alcoholic Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni leaf extract was satisfactory. The study extract exhibited lower antibacterial activity at 512 mg/ml of stevia extract, while 0.2% CHX had superior activity overall. HPLC showed that the alcoholic leaves extract of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni contains several active antibacterial components: narigenin, catechin, coumarin and kaempferol.
Copyright (c) 2025 Manar Ibrahim Ahmed, Safa Ali Hamad, Maha Abdulsalam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fluoride Release of New Bioactive Orthodontic Adhesive with Color Change and Fluorescent Property
Objective: This study aimed to assess the effect of adding fluorescent dyes & color change dyes in different concentration to bioactive orthodontic adhesive on fluoride release. Material and Methods: We used Bioactive BEAUTIFIL Injectable XSL (S-PRG), from (Giomer, Shofu, Japan) mixed with color change dye, Black changing to Colorless, (Atlanta chemical engineering, USA). 0.02%, 0.2% and 2% of weight concentrations were tested and with fluorescence dye (Strontium aluminate), and White Glow in the Dark Powder (Techno Glow Inc., USA), using in 5%, 10% and 15% of weight concentrations. For fluoride release, 40 samples prepared and divided into 4 groups with 10 samples as following: Group 1: BEAUTIFIL Injectable XSL Adhesive (control group), Group 2: BEAUTIFIL Injectable XSL with 0.02% color change material and 5% fluorescence material. Group3: BEAUTIFIL Injectable XSL with 0.2% color change material and 10% fluorescence material. Group 4: BEAUTIFIL Injectable XSL with 2% fluorescence material and 15% fluorescence material. fluoride Ion Selective Electrode. Eutech ION 2700.) Thermo Fisher scientific inc. Singapore) used to measure the release of fluoride ion. Results: The use of dyes with bioactive adhesive showed statistically significant differences. There was a decrease in fluoride ion with increase dye concentration. Conclusion: Acceptable fluoride ion release within bioactive adhesive with color change and fluorescence properties was obtained but with increase concentration of dyes the ion release decreased.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Thannon Younis, Neam Fakhri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gaps in Medical Emergency Preparedness Among Iraqi Dentists: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Analysis
Objective: To evaluate the preparedness of Iraqi dental practitioners in managing medical emergencies by assessing self-reported confidence, theoretical knowledge, prior clinical exposure, and formal training in Basic Life Support (BLS) and emergency management protocols. Material and Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2024 to March 2025 using a validated, self-administered electronic questionnaire distributed to licensed Iraqi dentists. The survey assessed demographic characteristics, knowledge of emergency protocols, prior exposure to emergencies, and participation in BLS or related training. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 to explore associations between preparedness and professional or demographic variables. Results: A total of 531 dentists participated; 58.9% were female, and 86% were general practitioners. Only 47.2% reported confidence in managing medical emergencies. Furthermore, 86.4% demonstrated moderate to low knowledge, and most had limited clinical exposure. Formal BLS/CPR training was reported by 35.2%, and 31.7% had attended structured emergency management courses. Prior training was significantly associated with greater confidence and preparedness (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Substantial deficiencies were identified in the emergency preparedness of Iraqi dentists, particularly in clinical exposure and formal training. These findings highlight the urgent need to incorporate mandatory BLS certification, simulation-based instruction, and continuous professional development into dental education and licensure frameworks, aligning national practice with international standards and enhancing patient safety.
Copyright (c) 2025 Awf Sh. Mahmood, Meena Muneeb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Improvement of the Mechanical Strength of Polymethyl Methacrylate
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is frequently used in architectural and biomedical applications due to its consistency, rigidity, and transparency. With the use of a polyester binder, this study outlines a novel method for enhancing joint strength in structural acrylic (polymethyl methacrylate, or PMMA) after grafting with Acrylamide. PMMA joints' strength was considerably increased. Also, we created an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) by adding a polyester binder. However, its mechanical performance is limited by its inherent brittleness. FTIR and NMR tests verified the grafting procedure, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed enhanced morphological uniformity. Tensile and impact testing showed significant gains in strength and toughness. Tensile experiments were conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of acrylic joints at various temperature settings. A constitutive model was created to correlate the strength of the two base materials. Tensile test findings showed that the unique bulk polymerization technique effectively increased joint material strength by up to 45% of the base material's strength. This advancement in joint strength augmentation not only broadens the potential applications of acrylic glass in architectural structures, but it also provides a sound theoretical foundation for construction procedures. The polyester binder functioned as a reinforcing matrix, increasing energy dissipation and flexibility. The combination of PMMA-g-AA and polyester presents a potential route to high-performance polymer composites.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ihssan F. Al-Takai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Patient Satisfaction and The Reasons for Crowns and Fixed Partial Denture Failure, a Clinical Study
Aims. This study aimed to assess the satisfaction levels of patients who had fixed dental prostheses for rehabilitation and analyze the aspects, including biological, mechanical, and aesthetic, that contribute to the failure of these prostheses. Material and Methods. Cross-sectional observational research was undertaken in the Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Basrah, Iraq, from September 2022 to May 2023. The study included a cohort of 130 patients, both males and females, who received treatment with fixed dental prostheses. The participants who were selected answered a series of questionnaires on their concerns about the fixed prosthesis, and a clinical examination involving radiographic assessments of the prosthesis was conducted. The reason for failure was documented, and data were organized for descriptive analysis of the components assessed through chi-square and Fisher's exact test. Results. Based on clinical and radiographic assessment, it was determined that 103 out of the total number of individuals assessed experienced some form of failure. 44.6% of the cases exhibited biological problems, 31% exhibited mechanical failures, and 24.2% exhibited aesthetic problems. Dental caries accounted for most biological failures (32.6%), whereas prosthesis loosening was the primary mechanical cause of failure (56.2%). Poor marginal fit was identified as the leading aesthetic reason for failure (48%). A strong correlation was seen between the level of satisfaction and mechanical failure (p=0.017). Conclusion. Most patients expressed satisfaction following the observation period. Dental decay was the most prevalent biological component leading to failure, whereas loss of retention was the primary mechanical cause. In comparison to other aspects affecting aesthetics, poor marginal fit had a more significant role.
Copyright (c) 2025 Majed Mohamed Refaat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Fixed Orthodontic Appliances on Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans
Objective: This study investigated the prevalence of salivary S. aureus and C. albicans in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances and assessed their resistance profiles to selected antibacterial and antifungal agents over three-time intervals. Material and Methods: A prospective cohort of 40 patients (20 males, 20 females) undergoing orthodontic treatment was followed across three time points: baseline (T0), two weeks post-application (T1), and four weeks post-application (T2). Unstimulated saliva samples were collected and cultured for microbial identification. Organisms were confirmed via Vitek biochemical testing. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the disc diffusion method against six antibacterial and six antifungal agents. Data were analyzed using two way-ANOVA and chi-square tests. Results: Among the 80 total samples analyzed, 73.75% were positive for S. aureus and/or C. albicans. S. aureus was most prevalent, with Clindamycin and Vancomycin showing the strongest antibacterial activity. Resistance to Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, and Erythromycin was notably high. For C. albicans, Fluconazole and Amphotericin B demonstrated the highest efficacy, while Clotrimazole and Nystatin showed poor inhibition. Resistance patterns might suggest a biofilm-associated microbial adaptation and reduced susceptibility over time. Conclusion: Fixed orthodontic appliances significantly influence oral microbial ecology by facilitating colonization of resistant strains of S. aureus and C. albicans. The findings highlight the importance of routine microbial surveillance and personalized antimicrobial strategies in orthodontic care to mitigate infection risks and manage emerging resistance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maryam Aljbouri, Nebras Al-Dabbagh, Thaer Jaber Al-Khafaji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Selected Salivary Antioxidant Levels in Relation with Periodontal Diseases
Objective: Gingivitis and periodontitis are the most common types of periodontal diseases, which are chronic inflammatory conditions encompassing many other conditions. These arise because of the interaction between a pathogenic bacterial biofilm and inflammatory chemicals and cells produced from the host. Materials and Methods: A sample of 50 individuals (18 males and 32 females) aged 19-30 years old, treated at the health center of Efraz, Samarra city, was recruited. Plaque index was measured to determine dental plaque thickness. A calculus index was measured as well. Salivary uric acid and salivary total protein content were assessed chemically using unstimulated saliva. The statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 21 was used to examine all data. Results and Conclusion: No associations were found between periodontal diseases and uric acid and salivary total protein content.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sulafa Khair Al-Deen Banoosh Alayoubi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cleaning Removable Orthodontic Appliances
Objective: Removable appliances are fabricated by different types of material like auto polymerizing acrylic resin, heat polymerizing acrylic resin, and light polymerizing acrylic resins. These materials have some built in characteristic that make them prone to bacterial aggregation and biofilm formation. Denture hygiene methods have been suggested to keep these appliances clean during the time of treatment, like toothbrushes, toothpaste, commercial mouthwash, denture cleansers and others. The primary aim of cleaning removable orthodontic appliances is to maintain oral hygiene, prevent plaque buildup, and protect the health of both the appliance and the teeth. Material and Methods: 45 samples were taken from different people wearing removable orthodontic appliances. Swabs were taken from the appliances before and after using the disinfectant for two weeks to determine its effect on the microorganisms present in the orthodontic appliance. This was done by passing these swabs in bacterial culture media and performing a bacterial count of the sample before and after the disinfection process. On this basis, a comparison was made, and the effect of the disinfectant materials was determined. Results: Mouthwash was the most effective agent against all types of bacteria, especially Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia Coli. Normal saline was the least effective, with minimal reduction rates against all types of bacteria. Water and salt (tap water) was moderately effective, with reasonable reduction rates against most types of bacteria. Conclusion: Mouthwash was the most effective disinfectant for cleaning removable orthodontic appliances, significantly reducing bacterial growth. Salted tap water offers moderate efficacy, while normal saline is the least effective.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maha Isam Abdalaziz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Histological Evaluation of Cutaneous Wound Healing Treated by Local Application of Cucurbita pepo L. Seed Oil
Objective: The rising demand for natural medicines in pharmaceuticals has prompted scientists to investigate medicinal plants. Pumpkin seed (Cucurbita pepo L.) is a noteworthy candidate due to its remarkable pharmacological qualities for possible wound healing therapies. Methods: A total of twelve mature male New Zealand rabbits weighing between 1.5 and 2 kg were subjected to uniform wounds on their dorsum. These rabbits were then split into two groups for healing durations of 3 and 7 days, with 6 rabbits in each group. The induced wound in the control group was allowed to heal naturally, whereas the wounds in the experimental group were treated with a daily local application of pumpkin oil (10µl). The animals were sacrificed after healing times of three and seven days. All examined groups underwent clinical assessment of wound contraction. Specimens were obtained for histological and histomorphometric analysis to evaluate inflammatory cell and blood vessel counts, as well as epithelial thickness. Results: The average percentage of wound contraction escalated over time. A notable change was found and a statistically significant disparity in the mean values of inflammatory cells was recorded. The mean values for blood vessel count rose with a notable disparity was noted between the control and experimental groups. The evaluation of epithelial thickness indicated that mean values increased over time, with a significant difference in both experimental groups. Conclusion: As a potential therapeutic agent for wound healing, pumpkin oil may be also beneficial for nutritional and therapeutic applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ibrahim Fouad Mohamed, Ban A. Ghani , Nada M.H. Al-Ghaban , Abdalbseet A. Fatalla , Matheel Al-Rawas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Objective: The purpose of this research was to compare and contrast, in vivo, the three-dimensional (3D) dental impressions produced by digital and traditional methods. Materials and Methods: This research was comprised of ten individuals who had full natural teeth. The subjects' molars were digitally imprinted using an intra-oral scanner (Helios 600 3D). The double-mix impression method (SILAXIL BOX & PROTESIL LIGHT) was also used to create a silicone imprint. The Lava COS system exported the stereolithography (STL) data immediately, and a three-dimensional (3D) intra-oral scanner recorded the STL data of a plaster model created from a silicone imprint. The 3D assessment program captured the STL files. It overlaid them using the best-fit-algorithm approach for each impression technique (least-squares method, PolyWorks, InnovMetric program). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the two methods with respect to 3D data. Results: Differences between digital impressions were less noticeable when comparing them to silicone impressions, according to a visual analysis of stacked datasets. Using a digital imprint approach yielded more confirmation (0.014± 0.02 mm) compared to a traditional method (0.023 ± 0.01 mm). Conclusion: According to this in vivo investigation, digital impression technology outperforms traditional impression techniques.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Munthir Abdulrazzaq, Mithaq R. Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Salivary Caries-Related Microorganisms and Demographics of a Group of Children
Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the association between caries related microorganisms in children’s saliva, such as Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli, and their demographic factors. Methods: This study involved a sample of 135, both sexes with an age range between 3 and 10 years. Unstimulated saliva was obtained and diluted in normal saline. Saliva was then placed in selective media. Salivaris agar was used for mutans streptococci while Rogosa agar for lactobacilli. After incubation, Streptococcus mutans counting of CFU (colony forming units) with morphology characterization and numbers of CFU per milliliter of saliva for lactobacilli. Demographic factors information was collected using a questionnaire. Results: Both studied salivary microorganisms increased with age. Streptococcus mutans was higher in boys, and associated with breastfeeding, overweight, and not brushing their teeth. Lactobacilli were higher in girls, and associated with mothers who were government employee, mother occupation, children who during sleep were not nursed, and with normal weight. Conclusion: The present study found an association between salivary Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli and various demographic variables in a group of children.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alhan Ahmed Qasim, Muna Saleem Khalaf, Ghada Ibrahim Taha, Zainab Juma Jafar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Menthe and Green Tea Volatile Oil Extract on Streptococcus mutans, a Bacterium Species Isolated from Dental Caries
Objectives: To identify phytochemical components, evaluate the yield or volatile oil extraction, and assess the impact of volatile oil extract on a strain of Streptococcus mutans that was isolated from a dental caries. Materials and Methods: Menthe spicata (menthe) and Camellia sinensis (green tea) were harvested fresh during the flowering period of 2022, and their volatile oils were extracted for about 24 hours using a sox let apparatus. Green tea and menthe were prepared at four different concentrations (50, 75, 100, and 150 mg/ml). Streptococcus mutans growth isolates were inhibited, and the results were compared with extracts from both kinds of plants. Results: Menthe produced the most volatile oil extract (3%), while green tea produced the least (2%). Alkaloid, phenol, glycoside, and flavonoid showed positive results in the phytochemical screening of M. spicata volatile oil extract, but saponin showed negative results. The results also showed that the volatile oil of green tea and menthol oils (100 and 150 mm/ml) were more inhibitory than those of 50 and 75 mm/ml. Overall, given these results, volatile oil of menthe has greater effect on dental caries compared to volatile oil of green tea. Conclusions: The volatile oil extract on menthe inhibitor is more effective on the S. mutans bacteria compared to volatile oil of the green tea.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamed Abdulmunem Abdulafeet, Sura A. Jaber, Anes A. Alshamaa, Sohaib Mohameed Awad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Radiographic Study of Osteoporosis Detection in the Jaw
Objective: To investigate the reliability of panoramic radiographs in detecting osteoporosis disease. Material and Methods: Three hundred patients, regardless of gender, were included, aged between 40 and 50 years. One hundred fifty patients had confirmed systemic osteoporosis by DXA scan (experimental group), while the other 150 patients had no history of osteoporosis (Healthy control group). The study used the Ramus Index to calculate the grey mean values on panoramic images, which correlates with bone mineral density (BMD) compared with the data of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the gold standard reference. Results: The findings demonstrated that panoramic images and the Ramus Index were a reliable indicator of osteoporosis (p<0.001) (80% sensitivity, 90% specificity, and 85% accuracy). Conclusion: Quantitative grey-level evaluation of panoramic images demonstrated diagnostic validity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hussein Haleem Jasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Expression of IGF-1R in Skin Wound Healing Treated by Topical Application of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of IGF-1R on cutaneous wound healing. Material and Methods: A total of 18 male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) weighing nearly 300-400 gm were used in the present study. Two punch biopsies were done on the dorsum of each animal, and daily local application of cinnamon zeylanicum extract was performed on left side, while the right one was allowed to heal naturally (control measure). The process of wound skin healing was tracked for periods (1, 3, and 7 days), all specimens were processed for immunohistochemistry examination. Results: Based on immunohistochemical results, experimental groups had the highest mean values of IGF-1R expression in the stroma and epidermis when compared to control groups. These values increased with time, which was more noticeable on days three and seven of the experiments. Conclusion: Positive localization of IGFF-1R in rat's skin indicated the effectiveness of cinnamon zeylanicum extract in accelerating the healing process of cutaneous layers of skin.
Copyright (c) 2025 Noor Natik Raheem, Lobna K. Al Khafaji, Lehadh M. Al-Azzawi, Dhifaf Kamil Kadhim Al-Thahab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Localization of E-cadherin and Vimentin in Mucosal Ulcer Healing Treated by Vitis Vinifera Seeds Oil in Rat Model
Objective: The anti-inflammatory components generated by Vitis vinifera (Grape) seeds oil (GSO) help reduce inflammation and accelerate the healing process when applied topically to an ulcer. The current study aimed to assess the expression of E-cadherin and Vimentin during oral ulcer healing treated by GSO. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four albino male rats (350–450 g) were used for this study. The rats were slaughtered on the 5th and 10th days after an ulcer induction on either their left or right cheek mucosa. The rats in the control group received sterile distilled water, whereas those in the experimental group received GSO for ulcers treatment. The tissue samples were subsequently utilized for histological and immunohistochemical investigations of E-cadherin and Vimentin. Results: Compared with the control group, the GSO-treated ulcer group presented significantly higher expression of E-cadherin and Vimentin at days 5 and 10 than the control group, with some evidence of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) at 5 days in both groups. Conclusion: With the limitation of this study, GS may accelerate the healing of mucosal ulcers, as demonstrated by increased expression of E-cadherin and Vimentin. Clinical relevance: GSO can be used as a topical herbal modality for mucosal ulcer healing.
Copyright (c) 2025 Russol Faik, Nada M.H. Al-Ghaban https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Acrylic Denture Basis’ Long-Term Colour Stability
Objective: This study investigated how staining solutions affected the acrylic denture bases' colour stability. Materials and Methods: Fifty-six samples of acrylic denture base (hot and cold) were submerged in distilled water for control and three staining solutions. A spectrophotometer was utilized to measure colour Before immersion, every sample's initial colour value was noted. Following a 24-hour, one-week, and two-week immersion period, colour change values were calculated. Results: Hot coffee was the most preferred beverage, showing strong significance over both time periods (P = 0.002 for 24 hours, P = 0.013 for 1 week). This indicates a consistent preference for hot coffee. Karak and hibiscus demonstrated increasing preference over time, especially in their hot forms (P = 0.001 for hot Karak, P = 0.006 for hot hibiscus). This suggests that these drinks become more favored as habits develop. Comparison between 24-hour and 1-week data showed that coffee remained stable in preference, while Karak and hibiscus became more preferred over time. Conclusion: The denture base's discoloration rose in direct proportion to the immersion time, and the instant coffee solution was discovered to be the most chromogenic staining solution. To maintain the color stability of acrylic dentures, users should adopt good oral hygiene practices and minimize prolonged exposure to these beverages.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shahrazad Fouad Karkosh, Amer Hussian Makki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Histopathological Assessment of Wound Healing in Mice Treated with Helianthus Tuberosus Powder
Objective: Several medicinal plants have been given significant attention in the medical field due to their effect on wound healing. This study aims to identify the effectiveness of tuberosus helianthus powder in skin wound healing in mice. Material and Methods: Tuberosis helianthus powder was purchased from a commercial supplier (medicinal Korean herbs, prince herb). The powder was stored in a dry, airtight container at room temperature until use. It was applied directly to the incisional wounds at a specific concentration and frequency (50 mg twice daily). Thirty-six male mice were randomly assigned to three time points (3, 7, and 14 days), with 12 mice per time point. Each mouse received two incisional wounds: one on the left side, serving as the control, and another on the right side, designated as the experimental wound. At each time point, 12 mice were euthanized, yielding 24 wound samples (12 control and 12 experimental) per time point. In total, 36 control wounds and 36 experimental wounds were analyzed. Three physical parameters were taken, including the number of inflammatory cells, blood vessels, and epidermis thickness. All these parameters were on the dorsal aspect of the thoracolumbar region, into which tuberous helianthus powder was typically done in the treated day duration. Meanwhile, the day durations for control mice were left without any treatment. The mice were euthanized on days 3, 7, and 14 after wound healing for histopathological study. Results: The histopathological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining revealed significant differences between the control and treatment groups. On day 3, the control group exhibited pronounced inflammatory responses with extensive inflammatory cell infiltration, necrotic tissue, and fibrin clot formation. In contrast, the treatment group showed early signs of wound healing, such as mild inflammatory response and reepithelialization with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Throughout the study, the treatment group demonstrated faster wound contraction, enhanced tissue remodeling, and reduced inflammatory cells compared to the control. By day 14, treated mice displayed mature epidermis and dermal granulation tissue with significant angiogenesis, suggesting accelerated wound healing. These findings support the potential of Helianthus tuberosus powder in promoting wound healing. Conclusion: Tuberosus helianthus powder plays an important role in the healing pathway in wound healing.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Ismiel Yawir, Layla Sabri Yas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Potential of Salivary IL-36γ, IL-38, and RANKL in Differentiating Periodontal Health from Periodontitis
Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic potential of combined salivary biomarkers RANKL, IL-36γ, and IL-38 in distinguishing individuals with generalized unstable periodontitis from those with a healthy periodontium, by analyzing their concentrations and correlation with clinical periodontal parameters. Material and Methods: A total of 120 participants were included in this case-control study, comprising 90 subjects with generalized unstable periodontitis and 30 periodontally healthy controls. Clinical periodontal measurements, PI, PPD, CAL, and BOP, were recorded. Before data collection, inter- and intra-examiner calibration were performed on five subjects each, using kappa and intraclass correlation coefficients to ensure measurement reliability (>70% for BOP and >90% for PPD and CAL). Unstimulated saliva samples were collected, preserved in antiprotease solution, and stored on ice, then frozen for laboratory analysis. Salivary concentrations of RANKL, IL-36γ, and IL-38 were measured using ELISA kits. Data analysis included comparison between groups, correlation with clinical parameters, and diagnostic evaluation through sensitivity, specificity, and AUC analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS v29 and GraphPad Prism v9. Normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Parametric tests (ANOVA, t-test) and non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney) were applied as appropriate. Correlations were evaluated using Spearman’s test. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed through ROC curve analysis and AUC values, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: RANKL and IL-36γ salivary levels in periodontitis were significantly increased compared to healthy controls, while IL-38 levels were significantly reduced (p < 0.001). RANKL peaked in stage III, while IL-36γ was highest in stage IV. Conversely, IL-38 was consistently lower in both disease stages. Only IL-36γ with CAL correlation was a significant positive, while other clinical correlations were not statistically significant different. ROC analysis demonstrated excellent diagnostic accuracy for all three biomarkers in differentiating periodontal health from disease, with AUC values of 0.944 (RANKL), 0.982 (IL-36γ), and 0.960 (IL-38), along with high sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: Salivary levels of RANKL, IL-36γ, and IL-38 demonstrated strong potential as non-invasive biomarkers for distinguishing generalized unstable periodontitis from periodontal health. Their diagnostic accuracy supports their utility in early detection and monitoring, although they showed limited ability to differentiate between periodontitis severity stages.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iqbal Hussain Ali, Suzan Ali Salman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of Calcium Sulfate Bone Graft with Platelet Rich Fibrin in Oroantral Fistula Closure
Objective: Oroantral communication is a common complication observed following the extraction of posterior maxillary teeth, often causing concern for both patients and general practitioners. Various methods are employed to close these communications. To identify a closure technique with minimal complications that is rapid and easily applicable by general practitioners, we evaluated the effectiveness of using calcium sulfate graft material mixed with platelet-rich fibrin, followed by clinical and radiographic assessment of closure success. Material and Methods: A moderate-sized oroantral communications resulting from recent tooth extractions was radiographed to confirm the size and dimensions of the communication. Subsequently, a 20 ml blood sample was collected from the patient and centrifuged to obtain two tubes containing platelet-rich fibrin. Using the first tube, a platelet-rich fibrin plug was formed, applied, and sutured at the site of the communication. Calcium sulfate graft material was then applied after being mixed with the platelet-rich fibrin clot from the second tube. The patient was followed up at intervals of: day one, day three, one week, two weeks, and six months. Results: We showed successful closure of oroantral communications in this case, with clinical and radiographic follow-up for 6 months post-procedure. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the technique of using calcium sulfate graft material with platelet-rich fibrin is a successful, cost-effective, and easily applicable method for managing moderate-sized oroantral communications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahmoud Altabba, Issa Wehbeh, Ahmad Alnada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Survival of Immediate-Loaded Pterygoid Implants with Multi-Unit Abutments in the Atrophic Posterior Maxilla
Objective: Rehabilitation of the atrophic posterior maxilla is challenging due to insufficient bone quantity and quality. Conventional approaches, such as sinus floor elevation or onlay bone grafting, are associated with higher morbidity, longer treatment times, and increased complications. Pterygoid implants offer a less invasive alternative, utilizing dense cortical bone in the pterygoid apophysis and posterior maxillary tuberosity to provide distal anchorage and full-arch prosthetic support, while avoiding the need for sinus augmentation. Clinical evidence indicates high survival rates, making them a reliable option for posterior maxillary rehabilitation. Materials and Methods: This prospective clinical study included 15 patients (aged 49–78 years) with unilateral posterior maxillary tooth loss that was unsuitable for conventional implants. Each patient received one pterygoid implant and two compressive implants. Preoperative planning included CBCT scans. Surgical procedures involved flap elevation, precise drilling, and manual insertion with high insertion torque. Immediate prosthetic loading was performed within seven days. Postoperative care included antibiotics, analgesics, chlorhexidine mouthwash, and oral hygiene instructions. Implant failure was defined as detectable mobility or conditions requiring removal. Results: All 45 implants (15 pterygoid and 30 compressive) survived over the 12-month follow-up, with no failures observed at 3, 6, or 12 months. Survival rates were 100% for both implant types, and no differences were noted across follow-up periods. Conclusions: Pterygoid implants demonstrate high survival rates and represent a predictable, minimally invasive option for posterior maxillary rehabilitation. Proper preoperative planning and surgical expertise are essential, and further long-term studies are recommended to confirm standardized protocols and durability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamad Droubi, Mazen Zenati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Minimally Invasive Approaches in Pediatric Dentistry
The aim of this work was to assess the efficacy, affordability, and acceptability of various “non-invasive and minimally invasive techniques” that are used in treatment of carious lesion in children. Minimally invasive techniques represent a paradigm shift in pediatric dentistry, emphasizing patient-centered care and preserving healthy tooth structure. Considering continuing technological development these techniques will become even more crucial in providing safe, effective, and comfortable dental experiences for children allowing pediatric dentists to foster a positive and e stress-free environment for children, establishing the foundation for long-term dental health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sarah Mohammed Khammas , Hamsa Thabet Musa, Saja Sami Malik, Samara Faris Abdulazeez, Asmaa Mohammed Khammas, Shatha Abdullah Abbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Cross-Section of Three Different Files on Apical Debris and Irrigant Solution Extrusion Using Full File Sequences: An In Vitro Study
Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the cross-sectional geometry of heat-treated endodontic rotary files upon debris ejection through apex and the quantity of irrigants expelled when employing a complete sequence file system. Methods: Sixty extracted human maxillary first premolars were included and randomly classified into three categories (n = 20) according to the file employed during the preparation of canal. The groups were Group 1: EdgeFile X7, Group 2: Komet FQ, and Group 3: Fanta AF F One. The modified Myers along with Montgomery experiment protocol was employed to measure the mean weight of upward extruded irrigants and detritus in grams. The comparison of irrigants and debris extrusion was performed utilizing analyses of variances (ANOVA). Significant level has been established at 0.05. Results: Apical ejection of material was prevalent throughout every one of analyzed files. Quantity of debris extruded during canal shaping did not show any significant variation among the examined files, The Fanta AF F One group exhibited the greatest mean of extrusion irrigant. Conclusion: Each evaluated endodontic rotary devices produced comparable apical debris ejection among the groups. The Fanta AF F One group extruded the most irrigant.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sohaib Fadhil Mohammed, Sura Yaseen Khudhur, Zaidoon Hasan Mohammed, Matheel AL-Rawas, Tahir Yusuf Noorani, Mohd Firdaus Yhaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tea Tree Oil Addition on Surface Roughness and Strength of High-Impact Acrylic Resin Material
Objective: Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is porous and rough in nature; this allows food to stick to it and microbes to proliferate, maybe resulting in oral disease. Selecting the right denture cleanser is not enough to prevent all fungi from adhering to the denture or decrease roughness. The essential tea tree oil (TTO) possesses antifungal, antioxidant, and antibacterial characteristics. TTO will be used to study its effect on the surface roughness and impact strength of high-impact acrylic denture material after incorporation with TTO at concentrations of 0%, 6%, and 9% by volume. Materials and Methods: 60 specimens were made and categorized into two groups. Each group consisted of 30 samples and was divided into three different concentrations of TTO (0%, 6%, and 9% by volume). After 48 h incubation in distilled water, all samples were assessed by two tests, the surface roughness test and the impact strength test. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to prove the effect of TTO on the surface morphology at the nanoscale of high-impact acrylic. Results: Tea tree oil had a statistically significant effect on surface roughness, which led to a decrease in surface roughness of high-impact acrylic. Also, TTO has a significant effect on the impact strength of high-impact acrylic at a 9% concentration, which causes a decrease in impact strength (P>0.05), but 6% TTO has a non-significant effect on high-impact acrylic (P<0.05). That means 6% TTO is the better concentration to use to improve the property of acrylic. Conclusion: The high-impact acrylic resin incorporated with the tea tree oil is effective. It appeared that 6% vol TTO will decrease the surface roughness and not significantly affect the impact strength of high-impact acrylic.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Hameed Hassan, Aseel Mohammed Al-Khafaji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stability Assessmernt with Immediate Loading Using Blx Slactive Dental Implant
Objective: To assess the primary and secondary stability of dental implants with immediate loading protocol. Material and Methods: Thirty patients between the ages of 18 and 45 years who received forty dental implants were study. These cases involved bone level x modified sand blast large grit acid etch Blx Sla active implant. After surgery, the primary stability was examined while secondary stability was evaluated 3 months later. The SPSS program was used to evaluate and analyze the results employing the paired T test and independent T test at p <0.05. Results: Thirty patients, 20 females and 10 males, participated in this study and had a mean age of 32 years. In comparison to the primary stability baseline value, the mean implant stability quotient values for secondary stability after three months showed a statistically significant improvement. Sex and jaws did not differ significantly in terms of stability. Conclusion: When compared to the initial primary stability baseline values, the study found that secondary implant stability measured values for the type of dental implant studied increased significantly.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Abdulkareem Mahmood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physiological Status of Some Selected Salivary Antioxidants in Dental Caries
Objective: Uric acid and total protein are the two main antioxidants in saliva, and dental caries is the oral disease that affects most of the total population. This study aimed to investigate the association between salivary antioxidants (uric acid and total protein) and dental caries in individuals between the ages of 20 and 30. Materials and Methods: 50 subjects (18 males and 32 females) between the ages of 19 and 30 who attended the Efraz Health Center in Samarra city were recruited. Dental caries severity was evaluated using the DMFT and DT indices in accordance with WHO guidelines from 1997. Dental caries was divided into three categories based on scores: mild (0–10), moderate (11–20), and severe (21–and more). Salivary uric acid and salivary total protein concentration were assessed via chemical analysis of unstimulated saliva sample collection. The statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 21 was used to examine all data. Results: Males had greater mean values for the DMFT and DT fractions than females, with the differences being statistically significant (p values of 0.05 and 0.001, respectively). Males also had higher salivary uric acid than females (P value of 0.001) and uric acid was associated with dental caries experience. Conclusion: Salivary uric acid may act as a biomarker of dental caries. We found higher dental caries among subjects who had high levels of antioxidants.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sulafa Khair Al-Deen Banoosh Alayoubi, Intesar Jasim Al-Kaysi, Hadeel Ayad, Esraa Azawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efficacy of Dexamethasone on Pain and Swelling Following Extraction of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars
Objective: Surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molars is a common dental procedure associated with significant postoperative complications, including pain and swelling. Dexamethasone, a corticosteroid known for its anti-inflammatory properties, has been utilized to mitigate these postoperative sequelae. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of submucosal dexamethasone injection in reducing postoperative pain and swelling compared to a control group receiving normal saline. Material and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 40 patients scheduled for surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molars. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the study group received a submucosal injection of 8mg dexamethasone, while the control group received an equivalent volume of normal saline. Postoperative pain was assessed using a Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 7 days post-surgery. Facial swelling was measured at the same intervals using standardized landmarks. Results: The results indicated that the study group experienced significantly less pain at 24 hours (NRS: 4.28 ± 0.71 vs. 5.8 ± 0.87, p=0.001) and 48 hours (NRS: 3.45 ± 0.75 vs. 4.9 ± 0.99, p=0.001) compared to the control group. Additionally, facial swelling was significantly reduced in the dexamethasone group at 48 hours (3.01% vs. 6.49%, p=0.001). By the 7th postoperative day, both groups showed similar levels of pain and swelling, indicating that the effect of dexamethasone was most pronounced in the early postoperative period. Conclusion: Submucosal injection of dexamethasone is effective in minimizing postoperative pain and swelling following the surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molars. The findings support the use of dexamethasone as a standard adjunctive treatment in oral surgery to enhance patient recovery during the critical early postoperative phase. Further studies are warranted to explore optimal dosing and long-term outcomes associated with this intervention.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saber Mizher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Microhardness of self-adhesive Pediatric Filling
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate how beverages affected the self-adhesive hybrid pediatric cement's microhardness. Materials and Methods: Specimens measuring 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness were fabricated from Surefil one self-adhesive hybrid GIC and subjected to exposure by acidic beverages. The study involved three groups (artificial saliva as control, Cola, Sparkling water with lemon). Samples for Vickers hardness were immersed for 15 minutes daily for 28 days. Then, samples were tested using a Vickers microhardness tester. Statistical analysis involved the use of one-way Anova and post hoc Tucky test at the level of significance of 0.05. Results: When Surefil One samples were submerged in simulated saliva, their Vickers microhardness significantly decreased. Samples submerged in Cola showed the largest decline, indicating a negative impact on material integrity. Conclusions: Beverages affected the self-adhesive hybrid pediatric cement's microhardness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sohaib Qais Alwan, Rusul Saad Ahmed, Ali Saad Ahmed, Saif Saad Kamil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Anatomical Changes Related to Age in Maxillary Sinus
Objective: The paranasal sinuses consist of four paired cavities: maxillary, ethmoid, frontal, and sphenoid, which are air-filled, mucosa-lined spaces within the maxillofacial region, connected to the nasal cavity. The maxillary sinus, the largest of these, occupies the body of the maxilla and has a pyramidal shape. Methods: In this study, CBCT scans from 35 subjects (18 males and 17 females) who visited the University Dental Hospital in Tikrit and a private CBCT center in Samarra were analyzed. Subjects were categorized into four groups (A, B, C, and D). Measurements focused on determining the dimensions of the right maxillary sinus, including height (distance from the superior wall to the inferior wall in the coronal plane), width (distance from the lateral to the medial wall), and depth (antero-posterior distance in the axial plane). Mean values for each dimension were calculated. Results: The study results revealed that the length and height of the right maxillary sinus (RMS) increased up to Group C and then began to decline in Group D. Male subjects showed larger sinus dimensions compared to females. In females, the maxillary sinus length and height were variable across Groups A and B, with an increase in Group C followed by a decrease in Group D, while width showed an initial fill in Group A and then a gradual decline through Groups B, C, and D. In males, length, width, and height of the sinus increased in Groups A and B, peaked in Group C, and declined in Group D.
Copyright (c) 2025 Noor Ghazi Saab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Topical Impact of Nanosimvastatin on Bone Fracture
Bone healing is a vert complex process. Fracture healing is a major challenge in orthopaedic practice and research. Simvastatin is an encouraging novel bone regeneration inducer due to its safety, low cost, and clinical convenience. However, the specific mechanism of simvastatin's effect on bone growth, as well as the best dose, are unknown. Simvastatin is a biodegradable polymer that promotes bone growth. A total number of 16 adult albino rabbits were divided into two groups (8 rabbits /each). A defect was done in bone and filled with gel only for controls and treatment specimens were filled with nanoliposomal simvastatin. The results showed that the treatment group with nanosimvastatin gel had a significant improvement in bone healing compared to the control group.
Copyright (c) 2025 Luay H. Jalil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study the Effect of Chemical Solutions on Disinfection in Prosthodontics Clinic Using Digital Ultrasonic Cleaner
Objective: The disinfection measures used by dentists are inadequate and require the education and enhancement of dental practitioners’ skills to improve the safety of patients receiving treatment at dental offices. In a medical setting, the remaining bacteria that naturally exist on a patient’s body, known as endogenous flora, often leads to the transmission of infections. The objective of this study was to identify a simple and precise technique for disinfecting a prosthodontics clinic through the utilization of a chemical solution. Methods: Swabs were collected from the patients who wear a complete denture who were contaminated, both before and after being exposed to a sterilization system. By measuring the turbidity and absorbance at 620nm using a UV spectrophotometer, we can determine the characteristics of the broth after it has been incubated at 36.5°C for 24 hours. Utilized a solution containing 0.5% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine. The bacterial growth was subjected to two rounds of exposure to two chemical disinfectants, each for durations of 90 seconds and 180 seconds respectively. Results: The bacterial growth exhibited a decrease after being treated to a chemical disinfectant in a time-dependent way. Conclusion: This study determined that the chemical solution effectively reduces bacterial development within a short period of time, providing the most convenient, rapid, and precise approach for disinfecting dental materials.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hala M. Al-Kateb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Radiographic Quality of Root Canal Therapy Accomplished Clinically by Undergraduate Dental Students
Objective: To analyze the technical quality of root canal therapy done by dental students while in clinical training. Material and Methods: The frequency of common technical errors was assessed using dental periapical radiographs. 870 charts (n= 870) were evaluated which involved 870. In each chart, 3 periapical radiographs were used for evaluation of the incidence rate and types of errors happening within the root canal procedure. The 3 periapical radiographs were diagnostic (pre-treatment) radiograph, working length determination radiograph, and gutta-percha and sealer (obturation) radiograph. Results: It was found that phase 3 (obturation phase) shows the highest frequency of errors 54.37%, followed by phase 1 (access opening) 11.84%, and finally phase 2 (root canal preparation) shows the least frequency 4.01%. Conclusion: This study identified that the least rate of errors in endodontic therapy happened during access opening and instrumentation when compared to obturation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Thulficar Ghali Hameed Al-Khafaji, Azal Al-Masoody, Qasim Abdulkareem Mohammed, Zainab Mahmood Al-Jammali, Mays Ali Azeez Alanz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Nanoparticles on the Mechanical Properties of Polymethyl Methacrylate Denture Base Material
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) has been widely used as a denture base material due to its favorable properties but exhibits limitations in mechanical strength. This study investigated the effects of incorporating three different nanoparticles - zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂), silicon dioxide (SiO₂), and diamond nanoparticles (DNPs) at varying concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 2.5%, and 5.0%) on the mechanical properties of PMMA denture base material. The incorporation of nanoparticles demonstrated concentration-dependent effects on PMMA properties. ZrO₂ nanoparticles at 1.0% concentration showed optimal results with improved hardness (21.4 ± 0.8 VHN) while maintaining acceptable surface roughness. Higher concentrations (2.5% and 5.0%) led to increased surface roughness and decreased hardness across all nanoparticle types. Diamond nanoparticles exhibited the highest surface roughness (0.146 ± 0.017 μm) at 5.0% concentration, while SiO₂ showed moderate improvements in mechanical properties at lower concentrations. Surface morphology analysis revealed excellent particle dispersion at 0.5-1.0% concentrations, with significant agglomeration observed at higher concentrations. The study determines that 1.0% concentration is the optimum level to utilize for the addition of nanoparticles into PMMA denture base materials, wherein ZrO₂ nanoparticles show the optimum balance of enhanced material properties and preserved surface features. The findings show that precise control of particle concentration is required to achieve enhanced material properties without compromising surface integrity that will in turn translate to enhanced clinical performance of dental prostheses.
Copyright (c) 2025 Omar M. Faruq Abdlrahman, Farhad Wahid Rasool, Fahd Sudad Ikram https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Studying Water Absorption, Solubility, and UV Absorption of Room Temperature Vulcanized Maxillofacial Silicone after the Addition of Strontium Titanate Nano-Powder
Objective: The study's primary goal is to assess how adding strontium titanate (SrTiO3) nanoparticles to VST-50 room temperature-vulcanized silicone elastomer affects water absorption, solubility and UV light absorption. Materials and Method: Two weight percentages (1% and 1.5% SrTiO3) were chosen and incorporated into the VST-50 silicone. Sixty specimens were collected and split in half. There were 30 samples tested for water and solvent solubility and 30 samples tested for UV light penetration. Applying a one-way ANOVA and post hoc p .05. < 0.05. Scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infra-red were also used in the study. Results: There was an increase in the solubility and amount of water absorbed by the experimental groups (1% and 1.5%). Also, the UV light absorption was significantly increased for the experimental groups. Conclusion: SrTiO3 nanoparticle's addition into the VST-50 silicone increased water absorption, solubility, and UV light absorption.
Copyright (c) 2025 Safwan Abid-Alhameed Suliman, Nusaiba Mustafa Muhammad, Rusal Saad Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Microbial Insights in Dentistry: Implications for Oral and Systemic Health
The relationship between microbiology and dentistry is a cornerstone for understanding oral and systemic health dynamics. The oral cavity serves as a habitat for a diverse microbial ecosystem, which contributes to both health and disease. While a balanced oral microbiome is essential for homeostasis, its dysbiosis is implicated in dental diseases such as caries and periodontitis and systemic conditions including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. This review delves into the role of the oral microbiome in maintaining health, the challenges of antimicrobial resistance, and the advancements in microbial diagnostics and therapeutics. It also highlights the potential of emerging technologies and microbial-based therapies in advancing personalized dentistry. Emphasizing a multidisciplinary approach, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of how microbial research can revolutionize dental practices and patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Manar Ibrahim Ahmed, Marwa Siddik Abdulrazzaq, Huda Muneer Hashim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Expression of TGFB3 in Pyogenic Granuloma
Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the expression of TGFB3 in pyogenic granuloma. Material and Methods: Pathologist used a double-headed light microscope to calculate cutoff values for all the antibodies employed in the investigation. Stained slides were thoroughly washed for 4 minutes with Gill's Hematoxylin Solution, dehydrated, and mounted using DPX mounting solution. Results: Transforming growth factor beta-3 protein expression was measured using immunohistochemistry. In pyogenic granuloma tissues expression, negative scores (0) were found in 4.5 of 16 samples (18.1%), whereas positive values (+) were found in 10 of 16 samples (33.06%). Conclusion: TGFB3 is expressed in most pyogenic granulomas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asmaa Ali Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Soft Tissue in Rabbit Utilizing Suture and Tissue Glue
In this work, we sought to determine the efficacy of tissue glue and sutures in soft tissue incisions in rabbits. The comparison of tissue glue and suture for closure of excisional wounds in rabbits showed that the quality of wound healing of cutaneous excisional wounds closed with standard suturing was superior to that of wounds closed with tissue glue.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Amer, Ahmed Abdul Kareem, Sohaib Qais, Saber Mizher, Al-Alaa J. Mowlood, Saif Saad Kamil, Ali Saad Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Oral Contraceptives Are Associated with a Higher Risk of Dental Inflammatory and Bleeding Disorders
Objective: Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are a prevalent form of contraception, yet their association with potential impacts on gingival and periodontal health remains a subject of interest. Prolonged utilization of OCPs, attributable to elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins, has been demonstrated to heighten the risk of developing periodontal disease. This heightened risk is hypothesized to result from the presence of hormone receptor-positive cells within gingival tissue. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2023 to March 24. Drug-naïve controls (n = 50) were participants who had not received any pharmaceutical therapy, whereas cases were participants who had received just OCPs (ethinyl estradiol 0.03 mg or levonorgestrel 0.15 mg) for at least six months. Results: Women aged 20–45 were referred to the dentist for a check-up. There were no differences (p > 0.05) between the control and case groups for BMI, blood glucose, fasting, or kidney function tests. However, there were differences (p < 0.05) in cholesterol and liver enzyme levels. According to the study, 30% of cases had localized or chronic periodontitis, while 60% of the participants had a widespread aggressive disease. Additionally, research found higher but not statistically significant amounts of plaque, gingivitis, and bleeding in the case group. Compared to non-users, case women had average probing depths that were deeper. Conclusion: The study found that young women with aggressive gum disease, especially those with generalized aggressive periodontitis, tended to use the pill. These women also had higher levels of plaque.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asmaa Sami Jawad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of Behavioral and Lifestyle Changes in Reducing TMD Symptoms: Evidence from a Structured Intervention
Objective: To assess the effectiveness of behavioral measures in managing TMDs with an emphasis on pain, joint mobility and psychosocial status. Methods: Forty-eight subjects with TMDs were enrolled based on the RDC/TMD criteria. Stress management, ergonomics training, dietary changes and stretching exercises were recommended as individualized lifestyle plans. The clinical, psychosocial and functional evaluations were done before and after three months of intervention. Results: The frequency of myofascial pain without limited mouth opening was 45. 8% which was reduced to 20. The percentage of subjects with right and left TMJ arthralgia was also seen to have reduced significantly (70. 8% to 43. 7%, p = 0. 0133; 75% to 41. 6%, p = 0. 001). Right TMJ osteoarthrosis and osteoarthritis showed a considerable improvement (p < 0. 05) while the changes in the left TMJ were not significant. Disc displacement with reduction on the right and without reduction on the left side was also found to have improved markedly (p = 0. 036; p = 0. 041). Depression severity was also found to have reduced significantly with the normal levels increasing from 45. 8% to 83. 3% (p < 0. 05). Pain intensity as measured by VAS also reduced from 4. 72 ± 1. 44 to 3. 43 ± 1. 38 (p = 0. 001). There was also an enhancement in the non-specific physical symptoms but the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that the implementation of lifestyle modifications helps in decreasing the symptoms of TMD, increases the joint function and has a positive effect on the psychosocial status of the patients and therefore should be considered as the first-line treatment in the management of TMD.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dunya Malhan Hanweet, Karar Abdulzahra Mahdi, Ansam Mahdi Khalel, Salah M. Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Novel Surgical Method for Contour Restoration in Patients with Micrognathia
The bone graft procedure is the most popular approach that has been utilized to repair and shape the micrognathia. Several other treatments have also been employed. The new surgical technique is a comprehensive technique, it gives a ridge and permanent chin with a normal esthetic appearance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sabah Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Aloe Vera Herbal Extract on the Antifungal and Mechanical Properties of Maxillofacial Prosthetic Silicones
Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy and some mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicone after incorporating aloe vera oil. Materials and Methods: Two concentrations of aloe vera oil were added to the room temperature vulcanized maxillofacial silicone. Three tests were conducted (disk diffusion test, tear strength, and shore A hardness) using standardized conditions. Statistical analysis involved the use of one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc tests. Results: It was revealed that aloe vera oil has strong antifungal properties for 1% and 2% incorporated specimens as there was large inhibition zone (5.94 mm and 8.45 mm respectively) around the incorporated specimens compared to control specimens. Tear strength was decreased after the addition, while hardness was increased especially for 2% incorporated specimens but still within acceptable limits. Conclusions: The study contributes valuable insights into the development of antimicrobial silicone material reinforced with Aloe vera oil, advancing maxillofacial materials towards improved patient outcomes and enhanced health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nusaiba Mustafa Muhammed, Safwan Abid-Alhameed Suliman, Luma Nasrat Arab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
3D Printed Co-Cr Alloy Surface Treatments Effect on Shear Strength of Heat Cured Resins
Objective: To investigate the effect of different surface treatments—hydrochloric acid etching, sandblasting, metal primer application, and a combination of sandblasting with metal primer on the shear bond strength (SBS) of heat-cured polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bonded to 3D-printed Co-Cr alloy, and to assess the failure modes. Materials and Methods: Fifty disk-shaped 3D-printed Co-Cr specimens were divided into five groups (n=10 each): control (C), acid etch (A), sandblast (S), metal primer (P), and sandblast + primer (SP). Specimens were bonded to heat-cured PMMA resin and tested for shear bond strength using a universal testing machine. Failure modes were examined microscopically. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test. Results: Significant differences in SBS were observed among groups (p ≤ 0.05). The SP group showed the highest SBS (15.78 ± 1.19 MPa), followed by P (12.77 ± 2.61 MPa) and S (5.80 ± 1.01 MPa). The A (0.43 ± 0.08 MPa) and C (0.37 ± 0.07 MPa) groups exhibited the lowest SBS values. Failure mode analysis revealed adhesive failures in C, A, and S groups, while P and SP showed predominantly mixed failures. Sandblasting increased surface roughness, while primers enhanced chemical bonding without altering topography. Conclusions: The combination of sandblasting and metal primer achieved the highest bond strength, confirming a synergistic effect between micromechanical and chemical bonding. Acid etching alone was ineffective. Combined treatments are recommended to improve the clinical performance of 3D-printed Co-Cr RPD frameworks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Luay Abdullah Khalaf, Luma Mudhafar Al-Nema https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Different Temperatures on the Polymerization Pre- and Post-Cured of Various Resin Materials
Objective: To evaluate and compered the effect of different temperatures (5°C, 37°C and room temp. ±23°C) pre- cured and post-cured for three universal- Chroma composite materials (Hybrid-Nano fillers, Supra-Nano, Nano filler) on the polymerization degree and micro-hardness. Materials: A seventy-five disc-samples-shaped were fabricated from (Omnichroma, Vittra APS, DenFil N), for each test in different temperatures (5°C, 37°C and room temp. ±23°C) were light cured according to manufacture instruction. The Fourier trans-form infrared spectroscopy was used to the polymerization degree measured for each sample while the micro-hardness was measured by the using of Vickers hardness test. Data were analyzed using One-Way-Analysis of Variance at level p < 0.05. Results: The analysis showed that there was significant difference in the polymerization degree and in the micro-hardness of the samples fabricated at the different temperatures when heated pre- and post- cured of all materials increase, in the polymerization degree and the micro-hardness of the samples. Conclusions: Increasing three universal- Chroma composite materials (Hybrid-Nano fillers, Supra-Nano, Nano filler) temperature whether pre-cured and post-cured allows for maintaining or increasing polymerization degree and hardness of three universal- Chroma composite materials especially DentfilN Nano- filler composite.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fanar Turki Al-Jadwaa, Mhammad Munthir Abdurazzaq, Emad Farhan Alkhalidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relation of Amelogenin Gene Polymorphisms to Dental Caries Among Iraqi Teenagers
Objective: To examine the relationship between dental caries and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in AMELX gene. Methods: This study was a comparative cross- sectional study encompassing 78 adolescents (aged 13-15 years) was conducted. All of them were examined for their oral and dental status under the WHO recommended criteria, and clinical information such as DMFT and DMFS were evaluated. Individuals whose DMFT and DMFS index lower than 2 were designated 'very low caries experience' and higher than 9 were designated 'higher caries experience'. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva samples, and single nucleotide polymorphisms of AMELX were genotyped. Genotyping of three SNPs (rs17878486, rs5933871, rs5934997, intron) in AMELX gene was determined by direct sequencing and analyzed with SNPStats. Chi-square was used to compare allele and genotype frequencies between cases and controls. Results: There was no significant difference between the high and low caries groups but in high caries group, it showed a deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with a significant difference among the three genotypes (p=0.013) in rs5933871 and rs5934997, while a highly significant difference in rs17878486 for both high and low caries groups (p=0.000 and p=0.001). A highly significant and positive correlation between rs17878486 with DMFS in the control group and a positive significant correlation between rs17878486 and DMFT. Conclusion: Although no significant difference of the investigated SNPs of AMELX between high and low caries groups, but rs17878486 had a significant and positive correlation with DMFT and DMFS which made this SNP as marker for caries susceptibility.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elaf Abdulkareem Alidan, Ahlam Taha Mohammed, Batool Hassan Al-Ghurabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Parents' Perspectives and Awareness Concerning Oral Health Care of Pediatric Patients Receiving Chemotherapy
Objective: Assess and determine the relationship between the parent’s awareness and perspectives on the oral health of their children receiving chemotherapy and demographics data. Methods: A descriptive (cross-section) design study conducted in Holly Karbala Teaching Hospitals (Al-Turkish and AL-Wareth Oncology) from 24th of November 2023 to 30th June 2024. Results: This study showed that 57% of participating parents had a low level of awareness regarding oral care, 49% regarding gum and tooth care, and 46% regarding nutrition. The study also found that 49% of parents had a low level of awareness overall regarding pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy need oral health care and the Correlation show that it was significant correlation among parents' awareness (r= 0.9, p = 0.000). Conclusion: There is a low level of awareness of parents of children undergoing chemotherapy regarding their oral health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Najed Fandy, Kahtan H. Hussein Al Jebori https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Distribution and Angulation Pattern of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars
Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of impacted mandibular third molars on digital panoramic radiographs, based on sex of the patient, side, level of impaction, relationship with the mandibular ramus, and angulation pattern of impaction. Material and Methods: This study analysed 98 people aged 18 and above with 153 impacted mandibular third molars who were treated at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology at Ashur University's College of Dentistry. Patients were categorised by sex, right or left side, depth of impaction, relationship with the mandibular ramus, and angulation patterns. Results: The only significant difference found was related to the left side impaction depth with females having more level C impactions than males. Conclusion: The distribution of impacted mandibular third molars were mostly mesioangular, followed by horizontal angulation, impaction level C, and class II.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iman Ali Khalil Al-Obaidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0